It is important to take into account the various risk factors for CSR, so as to define vulnerable groups and to shed light into the pathogenesis of the disease.
Purpose:
To stratify the literature on angioid streaks, from pathophysiology to treatment.
Methods:
Review of the current literature.
Results:
Angioid streaks are crack-like dehiscences of Bruch membrane, which may coexist with systemic diseases, such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget disease, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, hemoglobinopathies, or other diseases of the collagen. Various diagnostic methods, including infrared and red-free retinography, autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography, are useful to diagnose, evaluate, and monitor angioid streaks. Choroidal neovascularization consists of a major complication of angioid streaks leading to visual impairment. Therefore, observation could not be a treatment option. Photodynamic treatment or anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents have been used for the treatment of angioid streaks, offering promising but short-term results. Currently, the available treatment may limit the disease, but not permanently inactivate it.
Conclusion:
This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of angioid streaks, presenting the existing literature on this topic.
Patients with RP seem to present mild to moderate depressive symptoms in comparison with healthy control subjects without visual impairment. These symptoms were found to be correlated with BCVA and age, suggesting that visual loss and older age in patients with RP could be predictive factors of their emotional status. Therefore, there is need for close monitoring and supportive management of this population, so as to detect depression and to treat it promptly.
The various predictive factors that determine the visual outcome and possibly define the patients' prognosis after ranibizumab treatment in RVO have been studied. The long follow-up period showed that ranibizumab seems to be safe and effective in the treatment of the disease.
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