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Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
With the increasing penetration of renewables in power systems, frequency regulation is proving to be a major challenge for system operators using slower conventional generation units, and alternative means to provide faster regulation are being actively sought. The participation of demand side management in ancillary service provision is proven in a number of energy markets, yet its full potential to benefit frequency regulation, including the exploitation of fast power ramping capability of some devices, is still undergoing research. In this paper, a novel approach to improve the speed of response of load frequency control, a secondary frequency control, approach is proposed. The proposed control is enabled by an effective location identification technique, is highly resilient to anticipated system changes such as reduction of inertia, and enables fully decentralized power system architectures. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated and compared to that of present day regulation control, by means of real-time simulations incorporating appropriate time delays conducted on a five-area reduced model of the Great Britain power system. The applicability of the method is further proven under realistic communications delays and measurements experimentally using a controller and power hardware-in-the-loop setup, demonstrating its critical support for enabling the stable operation of future power systems.
Abstract-The increasing share of volatile and inverter-based energy sources render electric power grids increasingly susceptible to disturbances. Established Load Frequency Controls (LFCs) schemes are rigid and require careful tuning, making them unsuitable for dynamically changing environments. In this paper, we present a fast and tuningless frequency control approach that tackles these shortcomings by means of modern grid monitoring and communications infrastructures in a two-fold concurrent process. First, direct observation of supply and demand enables fast power balancing decoupled from the total system dynamics. Second, primary resources are actively involved in frequency restoration by systematic adjustment of their frequency reference setpoints. In contrast to the commonly used Automatic Generation Control (AGC), the proposed Direct Load Frequency Control (DLFC) does not require an integrator for frequency control in the closed loop even under partial grid observability. The approach is Lyapunov-stable for a wide range of system parameters, including ramping limits of controlled resources. A performance study against AGC has been conducted on a threearea power system in simulations as well as in a real laboratory grid with an installed generation capacity of 110 kW.
The rapidly growing number of distributed energy resources and other kinds of active electric grid components, the limitations of the present electric grid infrastructure and the increased complexity of the networks that comes along with these challenges require new sophisticated control methods for future electric distribution grids. To cope with these challenges a control design is necessary that offers autonomous operation and scalability. This contribution shows the results of the first implementation of a Multi-Agent-System-based Smart Grid control system approach in a real laboratory environment. A so-called islanding case is considered where the laboratory grid equipment gets separated from the utility grid and reconnected again. The agents of the developed control system conduct their assigned equipment to react to the changed situation appropriately, hence demonstrating the control system's applicability on a small-scale electric grid configuration.
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