As in many other organisms, the blood of Drosophila consists of several types of hemocytes, which originate from the mesoderm. By lineage analyses of transplanted cells, we specified two separate anlagen that give rise to different populations of hemocytes: embryonic hemocytes and lymph gland hemocytes. The anlage of the embryonic hemocytes is restricted to a region within the head mesoderm between 70 and 80% egg length. In contrast to all other mesodermal cells, the cells of this anlage are already determined as hemocytes at the blastoderm stage. Unexpectedly, these hemocytes do not degenerate during late larval stages, but have the capacity to persist through metamorphosis and are still detectable in the adult fly. A second anlage,which gives rise to additional hemocytes at the onset of metamorphosis, is located within the thoracic mesoderm at 50 to 53% egg length. After transplantation within this region, clones were detected in the larval lymph glands. Labeled hemocytes are released by the lymph glands not before the late third larval instar. The anlage of these lymph gland-derived hemocytes is not determined at the blastoderm stage, as indicated by the overlap of clones with other tissues. Our analyses reveal that the hemocytes of pupae and adult flies consist of a mixture of embryonic hemocytes and lymph gland-derived hemocytes,originating from two distinct anlagen that are determined at different stages of development.

This task force paper summarizes the state-of-the-art real-time digital simulation concepts and technologies that are used for the analysis, design, and testing of the electric power system and its apparatus. This paper highlights the main building blocks of the real-time simulator, i.e., hardware, software, input-output systems, modeling, and solution techniques, interfacing capabilities to external hardware and various applications. It covers the most commonly used real-time digital simulators in both industry and academia. A comprehensive list of the real-time simulators is provided in a tabular review. The objective of this paper is to summarize salient features of various real-time simulators, so that the reader can benefit from understanding the relevant technologies and their applications, which will be presented in a separate paper. © 2015 IEEE

Renewable energy sources are one key enabler\ud to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and to cope\ud with the anthropogenic climate change. Their intermittent\ud behavior and limited storage capabilities present a\ud new challenge to power system operators to maintain\ud power quality and reliability. Additional technical complexity\ud arises from the large number of small distributed generation\ud units and their allocation within the power system.\ud Market liberalization and changing regulatory framework\ud lead to additional organizational complexity. As a result,\ud the design and operation of the future electric energy system\ud have to be redefined. Sophisticated information and\ud communication architectures, automation concepts, and\ud control approaches are necessary in order to manage the\ud higher complexity of so-called smart grids. This paper provides\ud an overview of the state of the art and recent developments\ud enabling higher intelligence in future smart grids.\ud The integration of renewable sources and storage systems into the power grids is analyzed. Energy management\ud and demand response methods and important automation\ud paradigms and domain standards are also reviewed

Abstract-Future industrial systems can be realized using the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) that advocate the co-existence of cyber and physical counterparts in a network structure to perform the system's functions in a collaborative manner. MultiAgent systems share common ground with CPS and can empower them with a multitude of capabilities in their efforts to achieve complexity management, decentralization, intelligence, modularity, flexibility, robustness, adaptation, and responsiveness. This work surveys and analyzes the current state of the industrial application of agent technology in CPS, and provides a vision on the way agents can effectively enable emerging CPS challenges.

No abstract