The aim of this article is to give an overview of the basic ideas of the book “Mesoeconomics: State and perspectives” and to exemplify some distinctive features of the Russian style of economic thinking. Special attention is given to identification of the key elements of Russian mesoeconomics. The author believes that despite not sound enough conceptual framework mesoeconomics is a rather promising field of economic research. It is shown that one of the most important features of doing research in economics in Russia is creative reception of foreign concepts and desire to adapt them to solving practical problems.
General problems of structural changes which occur at storage of two‐phase crystalline polymers with a metastable structure at room conditions are considered on the example of a vinylidene fluoride ‐ hexafluoropropylene copolymer. The physical aging occurs in flexible‐chain crystalline polymers (polyethylene, fluoropolymers under consideration, etc.), where, due to low glass transition temperatures, the liquid‐like dynamics of amorphous phase chains is realized at room temperature through cooperative micro‐Brownian motions with short relaxation times. Taking into account that covalent‐bound sections of the chains of the amorphous phase can enter the crystallites, the noted mobility may initiate changes in the size of the latter. Such a possibility is proved by the example of the noted copolymer. At low‐temperature crystallization of a vinylidene fluoride ‐ hexafluoropropylene copolymer from a solution the formed α‐phase crystals have little perfection. The size of the crystals increases when the films are stored in room conditions. Because of the crystal polymorphism, at the same time a certain fraction of γ‐phase crystals which are present in initial films undergo a polymorphic transformation γ → α. These processes lead to an increase in crystallinity. Moreover, during such processes additional structuring is observed, which is reduced to the displacement of various kinds of intra‐chain defects into the amorphous phase (and especially into the surface). Since the copolymers under study are ferroelectrics, they were studied by piezo force microscopy. It was found that despite the crystallization predominantly in nonpolar α‐phase, piezo force microscopy revealed a domain structure, which formation mechanism is discussed. The structural changes at physical aging of the films affect the character of the noted domain structure. Thus, it is suggested that the mechanism of the described structural changes is realized through the developed cooperative mobility of the chains in the amorphous phase, which characterizes the processes of rotational diffusion.
This paper is devoted to the study of the structure and thermomechanical properties of PVDF-based ferroelectric polymer film. Transparent electrically conductive ITO coatings are applied to both sides of such a film. In this case, such material acquires additional functional properties due to piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects, forming, in fact, a full-fledged flexible transparent device, which, for example, will emit a sound when an acoustic signal is applied, and under various external influences can generate an electrical signal. The use of such structures is associated with the influence of various external influences on them: thermomechanical loads associated with mechanical deformations and temperature effects during operation, or when applying conductive layers to the film. The article presents structure investigation and its change during high-temperature annealing using IR spectroscopy and comparative results of testing a PVDF film before and after deposition of ITO layers for uniaxial stretching, its dynamic mechanical analysis, DSC, as well as measurements of the transparency and piezoelectric properties of such structure. It is shown that the temperature-time mode of deposition of ITO layers has little effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of PVDF films, taking into account their work in the elastic region, slightly reducing the piezoelectric properties. At the same time, the possibility of chemical interactions at the polymer–ITO interface is shown.
Homopolymerization of para‐diethynylbenzene and its copolymerization with 1,4‐diphenylbutadiyne (DPDA) in a boiling solution using carbonyl cobalt‐DPDA complex as a catalyst leads to the formation of weakly branched polymers with high thermal‐oxidative stability.
В статье рассматриваются основные содержательные моменты нового учебника «Социально-экономическая история Франции», подготовленного заведующим кафедрой истории народного хозяйства и экономических учений экономического факультета МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова А.Г. Худокормовым. К наиболее сильным сторонам рецензируемой работы авторы рецензии относят три основных момента. Во-первых, широту исторической панорамы: в учебнике социально-экономическая история Франции рассматривается со времен «Салической правды» и до бунта «желтых жилетов». Во-вторых, удачным решением представляется выбранный автором компаративистский взгляд на рассмотрение различных социально-экономических событий и процессов, характерных для французской экономики разных эпох. На протяжении всей работы автор постоянно демонстрирует, как та или иная особенность хозяйственного развития Франции проявлялась в российской социально-экономической практике. Такой подход, на наш взгляд, может быть полезен в качестве своеобразного концептуального лекарства, призванного избавить будущих экономистов от применения шаблонных экономических рецептов и привить им понимание значимости изучения институциональных свойств анализируемых явлений. В-третьих, учебник написан очень ярким и запоминающимся языком с использованием множества отсылок к деталям французского быта и литературным произведениям, подчеркивающим хозяйственное своеобразие Франции. Этот непопулярный в эпоху прогрессирующей формализации экономической истории повествовательный стиль, на наш взгляд, является несомненным достоинством учебника. Благодаря такой манере подачи матери
The author deals with the problem of the great nations’ fall. Special attention is paid to critical interpretation of institutional and cultural explanations of socio-economic systems’ degradation. It has been proved that these approaches are unable to completely explain complex processes of big countries decline. The main weakness of institutional hypothesis lies in its focusing mainly on political rights of population and democracy. In particular, institutional approach fails to interpret the relative socio-economic decline of such countries with “excellent” institutions, as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In their turn, “cultural determinists” are incapable of giving satisfactory explanation of China’s decline in XIX century as well as China’s economic steep rise in the end of the end of XX and the beginning of XXI centuries. The exogenous interpretation of nations’ fail which is gaining popularity most recently also faces a number of serious objections. The most important is simplified representation of the evolution of the world economy as a result of force-majeure circumstances. The author presents its own concept of leading countries’ economic decline. The main idea is that the key factor determining the decline of great powers is connected with technology progress. Author believes that the change in the balance of forces in the world economy is caused by the difficulties with the transition of dominating power to the new technological paradigm. General algorithm of losing the leadership is as follows: instead of destruction of institutional barriers which prevent launching the next wave of technological and economic development, the country fails to resist the illusion of possibility to maintain the dominant role in the global hierarchy by outsourcing its industrial sector to global periphery and accelerating the growth of service sector. However, service sector is a weak generator of economic growth. Tertiary sector’s overgrowth undermines the stability of the economic system just to external shocks and in the long run is capable to weaken the competitiveness of the state in the global economy. As a result, torn apart by internal contradictions, de-industrialized economy cedes leadership to rapidly copying technological innovations and speedily industrializing catching-up countries. This hypothesis is verified by the cases of Great Britain at the beginning of the XX century and the USA in the beginning of the XXI century. Acknowledgement. The article has been prepared in the framework of youth grant of Astana Club of Nobel prizewinners of 2014.
The specific surface area is a key characteristic of carbon materials used in supercapacitor electrodes. In this paper, the use of a methylene blue technique for specific surface area determination is presented. Values for the specific surface area, determined by a new method, provide better correlation with theoretical values for the specific electrical capacity of highly-porous carbon electrodes than the values measured by the common BET method. Additionally, the methylene blue adsorption method is thought to characterize carbon adsorption activity in relation to a supercapacitor electrolyte.
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