The goal of the DRRC industrial research is to facilitate deployment of industrial OpenADR that is economically attractive and technologically feasible. Such OpenADR can carry out load reduction strategies using customized pre-programmed OpenADR strategies that can be activated upon receiving a DR event or price signal. It also can maximize load reduction savings while maintaining effluent quality to satisfy regulations. The goal in conducting this research is to provide policy makers, utilities, and facility management with the information necessary to design, retrofit, and operate energy efficient wastewater treatment facilities capable of participating in DR events. Decisions concerning participation in OpenADR and load management require facility operators to acquire knowledge about the magnitude, time, and duration of their energy use. This leads to one of the team's research hypotheses, that facilities participating in energy efficiency programs will be more, not less, likely to initiate OpenADR and load management actions because they will have a more complete understanding of their use. This knowledge can assist a facility in evaluating: • The potential benefits of energy efficiency and demand response. • The limitations and risks of demand response depending on facility technologies, energy-use profile, and the characteristics of the wastewater. • The types of technology installations or retrofits needed for energy efficiency and OpenADR. • The impact of different strategies for demand response events. • How specific facility equipment or systems would be controlled during a demand response event. Methods This report was compiled after extensive research on literature concerning wastewater treatment specifications, demand response strategies, and energy efficiency upgrades. The literature search included 157 sources ranging from peer-reviewed studies describing energy efficiency measures, demand response-related technologies, and equipment controls to case studies of energy efficiency and load management applications. While the literature provides relatively comprehensive information about the basic equipment and controls included in the design of the wastewater treatment facilities, little has been written about the demand response potential of the existing controls and equipment. This study reviews existing resources and describes case studies to demonstrate existing DR applications. In addition, the study gives a preliminary assessment of the state of OpenADR-readiness in wastewater treatment facilities.

Energy efficiency is an essential component of water heating considerations in the overall efforts to achieve national energy saving goals. Although heat pump water heaters have been around for over three decades, this technology has only matured in recent years, in part because of improved systems and infrastructure as well as emerging energy conservation standards on water heating. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive and in-depth review of heat pump water heater research on system energy efficiency and performance topics. The study focuses on laboratory and field (in-situ) experiments and measurements, modeling of energy use and efficiency, technological modifications or upgrades, and control operation strategies; with emphasis on the Coefficient of Performance (COP), reliability, and energy savings. The review shows that while most of current heat pump water heater systems operate in the COP range of 1.8-2.5, there are some potential technological updates that could augment the current systems and increase COP to a range of 2.8-5.5. Issues that could dampen the adoption of these technologies are discussed. The review identified key areas for future studies that are still lacking in support of various changes suggested for increasing heat pump water heaters efficiency and performance.

Price: Microfiche A01 Printed Copy A03 Codes are used for pricing all publications. The code is determined by the number of pages in the publication. Information pertaining to the pricing codes can be found in the current issue of the following publications, which are generally available in most libraries: Energy Research Abstracts.

In 2001, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiated a rulemaking process to consider whether to amend the existing energy efficiency standards for furnaces and boilers. A key factor in DOE's consideration of new standards is the economic impacts on consumers of possible revisions to energy-efficiency standards. Determining cost-effectiveness requires an appropriate comparison of the additional first cost of energy efficiency design options with the savings in operating costs. DOE's preferred approach involves comparing the total life-cycle cost (LCC) of owning and operating a more efficient appliance with the LCC for a baseline design. This study describes the method used to conduct the LCC analysis and presents the estimated change in LCC associated with more energy-efficient equipment. The results indicate that efficiency improvement relative to the baseline design can reduce the LCC in each of the product classes considered. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTIONThe National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (NAECA) requires the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to consider amendments to the energy conservation standards to increase efficiency in residential furnaces and boilers. This equipment represents a large opportunity for savings because it accounts for 25-30 percent of the total primary energy used in U.S. residential buildings, which was around 21 quads in 2001).Regulations that took effect in 1992 set the initial Federal energy conservation standard in terms of the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) descriptor at a minimum value of 78% for most furnaces, at 75% for manufactured home furnaces, and at 75% for gas steam boilers and 80% for other boilers. In 2001, DOE initiated a rulemaking process to consider whether to amend the existing energy efficiency standards for furnaces and boilers. The rulemaking process used by DOE consists of a number of interrelated analytical steps. The authors are part of the group at LBNL that coordinated and conducted the technical analysis for DOE. 1A key factor in DOE's consideration of new standards is the economic impacts on consumers of possible revisions to U.S. residential furnace and boiler energy-efficiency standards. Determining cost-effectiveness requires an appropriate comparison of the additional first cost of energy efficiency design options with the savings in operating costs. DOE's preferred approach involves comparing the total life-cycle cost (LCC) of owning and operating a more efficient appliance with the LCC for a basecase design. The basecase represents the typical type of equipment that consumers would be likely to use in the absence of new standards.The LCC calculated in this analysis expresses the costs of installing and operating a furnace or boiler for its lifetime starting in the year 2012-the year a new standard would take effect.The analysis also calculated the payback period (PBP) for energy-efficiency design options. The PBP represents the number of years of operation required to pay for the increased effi...

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