Annual age grouping of children according to their birth year is a common practice of the educational systems of many countries. This variation in birth dates among children grouped in the same generation is known as relative age and its implications on different developmental outcomes are referred to as relative age effects (RAEs). The previous body of research of RAEs in youth populations has focused on sporting samples; however, studies examining RAEs in physical education are scarce. The current study investigates the influence of the RAEs on motor abilities in a sample of adolescent pupils. The results indicate significant differences in motor abilities between relatively older and relatively younger participants of both sexes. Since RAE is an under-researched area in physical education, the results may have substantial implications for PE assessment given the fact that many PE teachers still carry out typical norm-referenced assessments. Possible recommendations for future research are discussed.
Background: Free throws are a very important element in modern basketball. There are many studies focused on different aspects ranging from variability in the mechanics of throwing at various skill levels to the influence of free throws on the results of games. Objective: Since the authors of the present study noticed that some players during a game apply static stretching of shooting arm as a preparation to perform the free throw, we wanted to question the justification of such procedure prior to the performance of free throws. The purpose of this study was to determine an effect of submaximal 15 seconds static stretching of the upper arm (m. triceps brachii) and forearm (m. flexor carpi radialis) on the accuracy of free throws in basketball. Methods: Participants of the present study were 100 basketball players; mean age was 18.2 ± 2.54 years. The sample was divided into two groups -players with higher (n = 70; 6.83 ± 1.83 hours/week) and lower number (n = 30; 4.17 ± 0.48 hours/week) of training sessions per week. Furthermore, we compared separately experienced (n = 47; 12.2 ± 0.55 years) and less experienced basketball players (n = 53; 6.4 ± 0.45 years). The procedure purported that every player performs five free throws without prior stretching, five free throws immediately after 15 seconds of static stretching of upper arm muscle (m. triceps brachii), and five free throws after 15 seconds of static stretching of the forearm (m. flexor carpi radialis). Results: Fifteen seconds of static stretching of the upper arm and forearm muscles had a negative influence on the accuracy of free throw shooting in basketball. Players with a higher number of training sessions per week showed better tolerance to this negative influence. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that is not useful to apply static stretching of the triceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis muscles just before the execution of free throws.
The main aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between the characteristic ways of overcoming the midlife crisis and the various ways of fatigue elimination. More precisely, to examine the correlation between denial by escape, denial by overcompensation, decompensation, and creative and successful coping with the crisis on the one hand and fatigue elimination with chemical stimulants, with psychological stimulation and with physical activity (PA) and active rest on the other, as well as the gender differences within these variables. The sample consisted of 300 middle-aged people, aged between 40 and 64, uniform by gender. The following instruments were used: A list of the respondents’ basic biodata, the Midlife Crisis Scale and an evaluation scale representing the basic techniques of fatigue elimination in participants from different categories specifically designed for the research. Since the score distribution on the tested variables statistically deviate from normal distribution, non-parametric techniques were used. Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied for determining the connection between variables and the Mann Whitney U test for testing the difference between the groups of participants. The obtained results show that there is a statistically significant correlation between adequate PA, as a way of fatigue elimination, and the creative and successful coping with the crisis, as well as a moderate connection between different types of passive rest and decompensation, especially in women. It can be concluded that moderate, well-prescribed, and age-appropriate PA, as an important form of active rest, is connected with the most optimal way of coping with a midlife crisis.
УТИЦАЈ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛНОГ ПРОГРАМА МОТИВАЦИЈЕ НА МОТОРИЧКЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ УЧЕНИКА СажетакПредмет проучавања овог рада била је мотивација ученика старијих разреда основне школе у настави физичког васпитања. Циљ истраживања био је да се у пракси тестира оригинални програм мотивације ученика за наставу физичког васпитања и види да ли је он допринео побољшању моторичких способности ученика и смањењу изостанака са наставе. Узорак испитаника чинила су по два одељења шестог, седмог и осмог разреда основне школе у експерименталној групи (N=127; 63 дечака и 64 девојчице) и исто толико одељења истог узраста у контролној групи (N=128; 70 дечака и 58 девојчица). Процена моторичких способности обављена је на почетку и на крају експерименталног третмана, који је трајао цело друго полугодиште, тј. 17 седмица, са по 2 часа седмично. Кориштени су раније верификовани тестови за процену координације покрета, флексибилности, снаге и брзине. Такође, пребројани су изостанци са наставе физичког васпитања у првом полугодишту, те након експеримента. За статистичку обраду података, поред дескриптивне статистике, коришћен је Т-тест за независне узорке и Mann-Whitney тест. Ученици експерименталне групе остварили су значајно веће побољшање већине моторичких способности од ученика контролне групе. Такође, остварили су значајно мање изостанака са наставе. Кључне речи: ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТ / МОТИВАЦИЈА / МОТОРИЧКЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ / ИЗОСТАНЦИ СА НАСТАВЕКоресподенција са: Игор Вучковић, Факултет физичког васпитања и спорта, Универзитет у Бањој Луци, Булевар војводе Петра Бојовића 1, 78000 Бања Лука, Република Српска, БиХ, е-mail: ackojoki@teol.net УВОДФизичко васпитање је, по Хардману (Hardman, 2008), заступљено као обавезни наставни предмет у готово 90% земаља у свету. Нека ранија истраживања говоре да је то многим ученици-ма најомиљенији предмет. Међутим, у последње време све чешћа појава је да ученици у Републици Српској избегавају наставу физичког васпитања (Добраш, 2009). Разлози за то леже у хедони-стичком и седентарном начину живота. Друго, садржаји наставе добрим делом нису у складу са потребама ученика. Често су прилагођени настав-нику, што додатно демотивише ученике. Чини се да мотивација ученика у настави физичког васпитања представља кључни проблем и иза зов за наставника физичког васпитања. Свакоднев-на пракса захтева перманентно проналажење но-вих садржаја који ће повећати мотивацију учени-ка на часу физичког васпитања. Ђорђић и Тубић (2010) описују 2 врсте мотивационе климе које се међусобно прожимају: ''Мотивациону кли- 25Добраш Р., и сар., Утицај експерименталног програма мотивације... ФИЗИЧКА КУЛТУРА 2013; 67 ( (Ђорђић, и Тумин, 2008).У последњих тридесетак година, у Србији и Републици Српској опробани су "разни нови-тети" у настави физичког васпитања, с циљем да се побољша мотивација ученика за рад. Током Митровићевог (1980) истраживања експеримен-тална и контролна група радиле су по истом про-граму, али је оцењивање експерименталне гру-пе вршено на посебан начин (оцена је била мо-тивационо средство). Утврђено је да су ученици из експериментал...
Participation in sports and sociometric status of adolescents Study aim: To examine the relationships between sport participation and sociometric status of adolescent youths. Material and methods: A group of 359 secondary school students from central Serbia (143 male and 216 female) aged 16 - 19 years participated in the study. The subjects were given questionnaires pertaining to their participation in sports and sociometric relations, especially "work with" and "interact with". Results: In total, about 23% of subjects were actively engaged in sports at various levels: local (11%), regional (8%), national (3%) and international (2 subjects), the others were classified as sedentary. The sport-active subjects scored significantly (p<0.001) higher sociometric acceptance and sociometric status and lower sociometric rejection (p<0.05) than the sedentary ones. However, no significant correlations were found between sport-engagement variables and the sociometric ones. Conclusions: The presented results can be regarded as preliminary only and call for conducting the study on a larger cohort and to include more psychosocial variables.
The aim of the present study was to examine the content validity and reliability of the newly developed Reaction Time and Defensive Slide Test (RTADST). Thirty-six female basketball players were recruited from three professional State Basketball league of Bosnia and Herzegovina clubs (age: 18.81 ± 2.58 years) who completed three separate trials of the RTADST with each trial consisting of fast shuffling movements left and right. Each athlete performed the test 3 times in one day, and repeated testing was conducted the following day at evening basketball sessions. The RTADST relative reliability was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha and ICC. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.81 which indicates good reliability. When recommendations from Bucheit et al. (2011) were taken into account, the value of ICC <0.69 indicated poor reliability. Absolute reliability of RTADST was assessed by CV, and its value was 5.3%, which is somewhat above the 5%, or the limit of acceptable reliability. Parameters of relative and absolute reliability after the exclusion of the first trial (familiarization with the test task), were more acceptable. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.90 and ICC = 0.82 compared to the one from all three trials. Considering absolute reliability, it could be concluded that the test is reliable since the CV value is below 5% (3.9%). Reliability between two days was assessed by ICC, and its value was 0.74, which confirms good reliability. Finally, the RTADST can be considered as a valid test that discriminates female basketball perimeter players and post players in reaction time and basketball defensive slide speed, while conditioning programs for the development of these abilities need to be carried out with a tool such is RTADST for the initial and final evaluation of these abilities.
Summary Study aim: The aim of the present study was to examine a single movement of dynamic stretching (SMDS) of the shooting arm as a pre-shot routine for free throw performance (FTP). Material and methods: The sample consisted of 60 junior and senior basketball players from the youth league of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), and the national level – the First Division of B&H. The authors found that some players during a game and training sessions apply an SMDS of the shooting arm as a pre-shot routine for FTP. Since previous literature suggests that length of the routine and pre-performance behaviors are quite different among players of all levels, the sample was divided based on the number of training hours per week (lower/higher number of training hours) and basketball experience (experienced/less experienced). The procedure involves every player performing five free throws (FTs) without prior stretching, five FTs immediately after SMDS of the triceps muscle and five FTs after SMDS of the m. flexor carpi radialis. Results: After the first SMDS (m. triceps brachii) the percentage of FT slightly decreased in the first following attempt. After the second stretching (m. flexor carpi radialis), a significant FT percentage drop was noted in the first following FT for the whole sample. Players with more experience and more training hours per week had poorer results after the stretching. Conclusions: The SMDS routine did not enhance the FTP and it had a rather harmful effect on FTP, especially SMDS of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, and the authors do not recommend SMDS before the FTP.
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