<p class="Abstract">The present work was carried out to identify the anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activities of Aurelia aurita. The chemical profiling analysis showed that it possess different biologically active secondary metabolites like phenols, alakoids, steroids etc. The methanolic extract showed different free radical scavenging activity as ascorbic acid with  IC₅₀ values 202, 205, 153 µg on DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide free radicals. The extract significantly reduced the hyperglycemic conditions with percentage of reduction 18.7 ± 1.3 to 53.5 ±1.5 of streptozotocin-induced animals and the positive result of in-vitro aldose reductase enzyme inhibition with IC₅₀ value 163 µg suggests that A. aurita have potential to cure the diabetic complications.</p>

In this work, Taxithelium napalense ethanolic extract and its fractions were evaluated for the antidiabetic activity in rat based on phytochemical and free radical scavenging properties. The ethanolic extract, fraction IV and V significantly attenuated the blood glucose levels at 600, 200 and 200 mg/kg with 50.0, 33.5 and 42.0% inhibition respectively. The histopathological studies were manifesting the recuperation of damaged cells in liver and pancreas tissues. The outcomes of the present work affirm that the T. napalense has a potency to plummet the overproduction of free radicals and blood glucose levels in the diabetic-induced rat.

Tatipamula et al.: GC-MS analysis of Taxithelium napalense Considering the antidiabetic potentiality of the moss Taxithelium napalense, the present study was undertaken to explore the chemical constituents that are present in this species. The entire moss Taxithelium napalense was extracted by ethanol and the extract obtained was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty nine compounds were identifi ed, which are reported for the fi rst time from this species. From the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, it was determined that the octadecanoic acid methyl ester was the chief component present in Taxithelium napalense. In addition, the total phenolic and fl avonoid contents of ethanol extract of Taxithelium napalense were found to be 101.43±0.38 mg Q/g and 229.73±3.07 mg GA/g, respectively. Additionally, the IC 50 of the ethanol extract of Taxithelium napalense on α-glucosidase was found to be 34.5 μg/ml, while acarbose value was 29.5 μg/ml. This is the fi rst report on the chemical investigation of the moss Taxithelium napalense.

Diabetes mellitus is a lethal metabolic disorder in humankind, which induce chronic complications. The present study investigated the effects of ethyl acetate extract from C. procera (EAE) and its isolates on antioxidant and in vitro antidiabetic activities, along with effects of EAE on plasma blood glucose concentrations in STZ-diabetic rats. For the first time, two known metabolites- N-((2S,3R,E)-1,3-dihydroxyoctadec-4-en-2-yl)stearamide (1) and N-((2S,3R,4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxyoctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)palmitamide (2) are reported from EAE. 1, 2 and EAE depicted significant DPPH, superoxide free radicals, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory profile, indeed, 1 and 2 showed mild inhibitory profile against aldose reductase. In addition, the EAE (200 mg/kg b.w) revealed significant reduction in plasma glucose, body weight, total cholesterol, total glycerides and LDL levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The HDL levels were markedly augmented in EAE treated diabetic rats, when compared with control group. EAE abolished the increased lipid peroxidation in pancreas, liver and kidneys. The histopathological examination of pancreas of EAE protected the Langerhans islets with the number of islet cells were found statistically significant, when compared to diabetic control pancreas. Our data suggest that the C. procera has a potentiality to act against diabetes (both, in vitro and in vivo models) by inhibiting particularly digestive enzymes namely α-glucosidase and α-amylase, however further studies are required for proper establishment of mechanism of action and validating clinical effects.

Background: Traditionally, the whole plant of Cardiospermum canescens has wide applications in the management of oxidative stress and inflammation in Africa and Asia. The present study investigated the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory, and anticancer activities of metabolites present in the crude methanolic extract of whole plant C. canescens (CCE). Results: Chemical examination of CCE revealed the presence of six known compounds (1-6). From the results of in vitro studies, it can confirm that CCE exhibited notably inhibition of DPPH and superoxide free radicals, along with COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX, and XO enzymes. Compounds 2 and 3 showed significant inhibition of DPPH and superoxide free radicals. Also, compound 2 exhibited good inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme with IC 50 of 87.0 and 88.0 μg/mL. Furthermore, CCE exhibited significant inhibition of 5-LOX and XO enzymes with IC 50 of 42.5 and 56.0 μg/mL, respectively, while standard with IC 50 of 42.5 and 56.0 μg/mL, respectively. Among the test series of cancer cell lines, compounds 2, 3, and CCE showed a significant percentage of cell growth lysis of DLD-1 with IC 50 values of 52.5, 72.5, and 32.5 μg/mL, respectively. Besides, all the metabolites and CCE showed a very weak degree of specificity against NHME, indicates less toxicity to normal cells. Conclusion: To conclude, the results of the present study indicated that the methanolic extract from the whole plant of C. canescens displayed antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH and superoxide free radicals; antiinflammatory effects by regulating enzymes COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX, and XO; and anticancer activity by inhibiting the growth of MCF-7, DLD-1, HeLa, and A549. These activities can link to natural active compounds 2 and 3. This study supports the traditional uses of the root of C. canescens. These data findings suggest that C. canescens can be a promising natural source of biological medicines for oxidative stress, inflammation, gout, and cancer.