We present a combined molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of the Loricariinae, with emphasis on the Harttiini (Cteniloricaria, Harttia, and Harttiella) and Farlowellini (Aposturisoma, Farlowella, Lamontichthys, Pterosturisoma, Sturisoma, and Sturisomatichthys). Character sampling comprised seven molecular markers (the mitochondrial Cytb, nd2, 12S and 16S, and the nuclear MyH6, RAG1 and RAG2) and 196 morphological characters. A total of 1,059 specimens, and 159 tissue samples were analized, representing 100 species. A Bayesian Inference analysis was performed using the concatenated data matrix, which is comprised of 6,819 characters. The Loricariinae were found to comprise the tribes (Hartiini (Loricariini, Farlowellini)), the latter two elevated from subtribes. A Maximum Parsimony analysis was also performed using the same data matrix in order to reveal phenotypical synapomorphies to diagnose each clade. Two MP trees were found with a length of 14,704 steps, consistency index of 0.29 and retention index of 0.61, which were summarized in a strict consensus tree. Harttiini includes (Harttiella (Cteniloricaria, Harttia), and Farlowellini includes (Lamontichthys (Pterosturisoma (Sturisoma (Sturisomatichthys, Farlowella)))). Aposturisoma was recovered nested within Farlowella and is synonymyzed to the latter. Sturisoma was corroborated as strictly cis-Andean, while Sturisomatichthys encompasses, besides the valid species already included in the genus, the trans-Andean species once belonging to Sturisoma sensu lato. Identification keys and phylogenetic diagnoses of family-group taxa and genera of both the Harttiini and the Farlowellini are provided.

A new species of the genus Sturisoma from the Madre de Dios River, upper Madeira, Peru, is described. The new species can be differentiated from its congeners by the following characteristics: dorsolateral stripe reaching to less than half, or only half length of caudal peduncle (v. absence of dorsolateral stripe or, if present, spanning more than half caudal-peduncle length); premaxillary teeth longer than dentary teeth (v. dentary teeth longer); sexually mature adult males having well-developed odontodes on the sides of the head and a broader snout (v. adult males lacking well-developed hypertrophied odontodes or, if present, rostrum is same width as females' or immature males'); by having the ventral portion of the rostrum conspicuously darker than ventral surface of the body (v. rostrum light, with same colour as ventral portion of body, except in Sturisoma barbatum); by lacking the lateral process of the sphenotic (v. lateral process of sphenotic well-developed, except in Sturisoma tenuirostre); a dark spot on the first three branched pectoral-fin rays (v. brown spot absent, except in S. barbatum); and the frontal bone contributing less than half of dorsal border of the orbital ridge (v. extensive participation of the frontal, except in Sturisoma guentheri). Furthermore, the new species has 18-20 plates in the median series, which differentiates it from Sturisoma rostratum (21-22), and Sturisoma monopelte (21); and 14-15 coalescent plates, which differentiates it from S. tenuirostre (16-17). It is further differentiated from Sturisoma brevirostre by presence of an enlarged rostrum (v. rostrum not enlarged). A discussion regarding status of the type series and geographic distribution of Sturisoma rostratum is offered, and an identification key for all Sturisoma species is presented.

A new loricariin species of Sturisoma is described from the Cautário, Guaporé, Mamoré, Machado and Soteiro rivers, Madeira River basin, in Bolivia and Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a middorsal longitudinal, thin dark brown stripe on the caudal peduncle, extending from two or three plates posterior to the dorsal-fin base, reaching the origin of the caudal fin, or one or two plates anterior to the origin of the caudal fin; small squarish anteriormost abdominal plates; and a middorsal longitudinal dark-brown stripe from first predorsal plate to near the dorsal-fin origin. Furthermore, the new species is diagnosed from congeners by plate morphology, counts on the median series, coalescent plates and ventrolateral thoracic plates, in addition to measurements related to body and head structures. An analysis of genetic distances using cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene marker of the mitochondrial genome between the new species and several congeners is presented, in addition to a likelihood analysis to illustrate the position of the new taxon within Sturisoma. An identification key for species of the genus currently recorded at the upper Amazonas River basin is provided.

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A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis were completed for Dasyloricaria. The genus includes three valid species: D. filamentosa and D. latiura previously included in the genus, and a new species described herein. Dasyloricaria have a restricted trans-Andean distribution, with D. filamentosa occurring at the lower and middle Magdalena, lower Cauca, and Sinu in Colombia, and lago Maracaibo basin in Colombia and Venezuela; D. latiura in the Atrato and the Tuyra basins in Colombia and Panama, respectively; and the new species in the upper and middle Magdalena basin in Colombia. New synonyms for D. filamentosa and D. latiura are proposed, and a lectotype is designated for the latter. Dasyloricaria is herein recognized as monophyletic, with D. filamentosa as the sister group of D. latiura, and the new species as sister to that clade. Spatuloricaria is hypothesized to be the sister group of Dasyloricaria based on synapomorphies of the neurocranium, branchial arches and external morphology features. The subtribe Rineloricariina was partially corroborated through the phylogenetic analysis. An identification key for the species of Dasyloricaria is provided.Una revisión taxonómica y análisis filogenético fueron realizados para Dasyloricaria. El género incluye tres especies válidas: D. filamentosa y D. latiura previamente incluidas en el género, y una especie nueva descrita en este estudio. Dasyloricaria presenta una distribución estrictamente Transandina, con D. filamentosa ocurriendo en las porciones baja y media del rio Magdalena, bajo Cauca, y en el rio Sinú en Colombia, y en el lago Maracaibo en Colombia y Venezuela; D. latiura en la cuenca de los ríos Atrato y Tuyra en Colombia y Panamá, respectivamente; y la especie nueva en las porciones alta y media del rio Magdalena en Colombia. Nuevas sinonimias para D. filamentosa y D. latiura son propuestas, y el lectotipo es designado para esta última. Dasyloricaria es aquí reconocido como monofilético, con D. filamentosa como el grupo hermano de D. latiura, y la especie nueva como el grupo hermano de ese clado. Spatuloricaria es propuesto como el grupo hermano de Dasyloricaria, este clado está soportado por sinapomorfías del neurocráneo, arcos branquiales y características de morfología externa. La sub-tribu Rineloricariina fue parcialmente corroborada a partir del análisis filogenético. Una clave de identificación para las especies de Dasyloricaria es presentada.

Limatulichthys nasarcus n. sp. is described as a new species based on 15 specimens from the Ventuari and Caura Rivers in Southern Venezuela. The new species can be distinguished from its only congener, L. griseus, by the presence of anterior abdominal plates half the size of those at center of abdomen (vs. plates similar in size); distinct spots less than half of diameter of naris across entire dorsum, including snout and head (vs. indistinct dorsal spots larger or equal than diameter of naris); lateral portions of head and opercle with dark well-defined spots larger than those on dorsum (vs. spots on lateral portions of head and opercle equal in size to those on remainder of body); snout profile in dorsal view broadly rounded (vs. acutely triangular); head longer (21.4-24.2 SL vs. 17.7-21.0%); and anal fin longer (15.7-18.0 SL vs. 13.7-15.6%). Distinctiveness of the two species is further supported by their non-overlapping distribution in multivariate morphospace. The disjunct distribution of L. nasarcus across both the Caura and Ventuari rivers exclusive of the main Orinoco River channel contributes to a growing body of evidence supporting the historical connection between headwaters of these drainages. The hypothesized existence of a 'proto-Berbice' paleodrainage provides one explanation for such a connection.

Redescription of Parodon caliensis and Saccodon dariensis (Characiformes: Parodontidae

We review species of Parodon Valenciennes, 1850 from the Magdalena, Cauca, Orinoco, Amazonas, Atrato and CaribbeanGuajira River basins of Colombia using meristic and morphological characters. We recognize eight valid species, five previously described: P. apolinari Myers, from the Orinoco River basin; P. buckleyi Boulenger and P. pongoensis (Allen) from the upper Amazon; P. caliensis Boulenger, from the upper Cauca River drainage; and P. suborbitalis Valenciennes, from Lake Maracaibo basin. Three new species are described: P. alfonsoi, from the lower Magdalena River drainage; P. magdalenensis, from the middle Magdalena and upper Cauca River drainages; and P. atratoensis, from the Atrato River basin. We redescribe Parodon suborbitalis using type specimens and topotypes, and designate lectotypes. A taxonomic key is included for identification of the species, as well as geographic distribution maps.Espécies de Parodon Valenciennes, 1850 provenientes das bacias dos rios Magdalena, Cauca, Orinoco, Amazonas, Atrato e Caribe-Guajira da Colômbia são revisadas com base em caracteres merísticos e morfológicos. Oito espécies são consideradas válidas, sendo cinco previamente descritas: P. apolinari Myers, da bacia do rio Orinoco, P. buckleyi Boulenger e P. pongoensis (Allen) do alto rio Amazonas, P. caliensis Boulenger do alto rio Cauca e P. suborbitalis Valenciennes da bacia do lago Maracaibo. Três novas espécies são descritas: P. alfonsoi, do baixo rio Magdalena; P. magdalenensis, do médio rio Magdalena e da bacia superior do rio Cauca e P. atratoensis, da bacia do rio Atrato. Parodon suborbitalis é redescrita a partir de espécimes-tipo e topótipos. Designam-se lectótipos de P. suborbitalis. Uma chave para identificação das espécies é incluída, bem como mapas de distribuição geográfica.