The c-Abl tyrosine kinase is present in mouse brain synapses, but its precise synaptic function is unknown. We found that c-Abl levels in the rat hippocampus increase postnatally, with expression peaking at the first postnatal week.

The clinical usefulness of a diagnostic test is determined by the extent to which it helps to modify the pretest probability of occurrence of a certain diagnosis. For this purpose, the calculation and application of likelihood ratios (LR) is a very useful tool. Every possible result of a test has a LR, which allows for an estimation of the magnitude by which the pretest probability increases or decreases, thereby helping the physician rule out, confirm, or continue investigating a diagnosis with new tests. In the first part of this article the properties of a diagnostic test (validity, reproducibility and safety) were analyzed. This second part illustrates the theoretical background underlying the concept of LR, explains the methodology for calculating them and describes their clinical application.

Sore throat, ¿streptococcal etiology? Use of etiological screening and antimicrobial prescription in two university pediatric centersThe diagnosis and treatment of sore throat in pediatric patients attending one of two facilities at a university hospital: pediatric ambulatory facility (PAF) and emergency unit (EU) in a period of 14 months are described. There were 421 patients at the PAF and 289 at the EU, of whom 65% and 76% were studied for Streptococcus pyogenes respectively. Streptococcus were detected in both centers in 37% of cases, with a peak detection of 50% at ages 6 to 10 years. There were 217 patients without any bacteriological study, of whom 162 (75%) received antibiotics. The importance of bacteriological confirmation prior to antibiotic prescription in this disease is emphasized.

Recibido: 12 sep. 2018 Aceptado: 30 oct. 2018 Propósito: determinar la calidad microbiológica de la red de distribución de agua potable en los municipios de Patzicía, Patzún, Parramos, Zaragoza, Santa Cruz Balanyá, San Andrés Itzapa y El Tejar, del departamento de Chimaltenango, durante mayo y junio del 2018. Materiales y métodos: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo de corte transversal realizando análisis microbiológico, mediante el método de filtración de membrana para la detección de coliformes totales y Escherichia coli en 43 muestras de agua, proveniente de la totalidad de hidrantes públicos en el área urbana de dichos municipios. Datos obtenidos de los informes del Laboratorio de Análisis Fisicoquímicos y Microbiológicos de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, utilizando como referencia los parámetros establecidos por COGUANOR NTG 29001. Resultados: el 76.74% de los hidrantes no son sanitariamente seguros para consumo humano de agua, al detectarse en 33 muestras coliformes totales y 23 contaminadas con E. coli. Además, en Patzún y Santa Cruz Balanyá, el 100% de los hidrantes públicos presentaron contaminación fecal, mientras que en Parramos el 83.33% de los hidrantes abastecen agua potable. Conclusiones: el agua distribuida en el departamento de Chimaltenango no se considera potable, al no cumplir con los límites permisibles establecidos por COGUANOR NTG 29001, detectando 76.74% de muestras analizadas coliformes totales y en 53.49% E. coli. Los municipios en los que se identificó más contaminación del agua son Patzún y Santa Cruz Balanyá, por el contrario Parramos distribuye mayor proporción de agua potable.

Experiments were carried out with a spectropolarimeter I11 CNRS-Rousse L. Jouan (Instruments SA, INC., Edison, NJ) using cells of 0.05 cm optical path.