Resumo: Este artigo discute a dinâmica de formação das unidades que compõem o léxico, notadamente das línguas europeias ocidentais (românicas e germânicas), a partir da identificação dos diversos processos lexicogênicos existentes. Para tanto, reconhecem-se dois tipos básicos de processos: os autogenéticos (herança ou criação interna) e os alogenéticos (empréstimos), cujos subtipos são aqui descritos. Com base na etimologia dos elementos temáticos (radicais e afixos), os itens lexicais de línguas europeias costumam também ser divididos em cultos, semicultos e vulgares. Essa classificação decorre do reconhecimento da profunda influência cultural e, consequentemente, linguística que os idiomas literários da Antiguidade Ocidental (grego e latim clássicos) exerceram sobre as modernas línguas de cultura da Europa, dentre as quais o português. Esta pesquisa procura identificar, por meio de análise empírica sobre um corpus formado de textos de vários gêneros, os processos lexicogênicos presentes nas principais línguas românicas e germânicas, tanto aqueles já descritos anteriormente na literatura especializada quanto alguns novos, que os estudos anteriores ignoravam ou classificavam erroneamente em outras categorias. Palavras-chave: léxico; etimologia; neologia; línguas românicas; línguas germânicas.Abstract: This paper discusses the formative dynamics of the constituent units of the lexicon, notably in the Western European languages (Romance and Germanic), starting from the identification of the various existing lexicogenical processes. To do so, two basic types of processes are recognized: autogenetic (inheritance and internal creation) and allogenetic (loans), whose subtypes are described herein. Based on the etymology of their thematic elements (radicals and affixes), lexical items of European languages also tend to be divided into cultivated, semicultivated, and vulgar. This classification stems from the recognition of the profound cultural and, consequently, linguistic influence that the ancient Western literary languages (classical Greek and Latin) brought about the modern languages of culture in Europe, including Portuguese. This research seeks to identify, through empirical analysis on a corpus composed of texts of various genres, the lexicogenical processes present in the main Romance and Germanic languages, both those previously described in the specialized literature and some new ones, which previous studies used to ignore or erroneously classify into other categories.
This paper puts forward a new division of the history of Germanic languages, taking into account the existence of three different historical periods (prehistoric, proto-historic, and literary) in the development from Common Germanic or Proto-Germanic to modern Germanic languages, analogously to the development of Romance or Romanic languages from Vulgar Latin (also called Proto-Romanic or Proto-Romance), in which three stages can be retraced: Vulgar Latin (prehistoric), Romance (proto-historic) and literary (historical). So far, only two stages have been considered in the linguistic history of Germanic languages, namely, the Common Germanic (not documented) and the literary Germanic languages (documented since the Middle Ages). Nevertheless, the history of both families of languages is similar in most aspects, so that the three aforementioned periods can be clearly recognized in both: a period of considerable linguistic unity, although poorly or not at all documented; a period of dissolution of this unity and fragmentation into several dialects not mutually intercomprehensible; and a period of full and intense literary production and official recognition of some of these dialects, now raised to the condition of culture languages. Due to this new historiographical division, the denomination Germance is proposed for the second of the three evolutionary stages of Germanic.
O presente trabalho procura examinar sob que condições uma dada sequência de frases constitui um texto e, a partir daí, formula algumas hipóteses sobre as relações sintáticas existentes ao nível transfrástico do texto, para, a seguir, propor um pequeno esboço do que seria um modelo formal (lógico-matemático) de análise e descrição de textos linguísticos com base em tais relações.
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