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DC reduces ICP in pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury. The mortality rate is low and long-term prognosis in survivors is good. Complications related to surgery are frequent. Wide craniectomy with duraplasty seems to be the most common technique. Defining the most appropriate indications and timing for DC in pediatric patients should be the objective of future prospective studies.

For children with brainstem encephalitis or encephalomyelitis, clinicians should look for enterovirus and not limit testing to cerebrospinal fluid.

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Objective and Importance: Gorham-Stout disease is a rare entity characterized by vascular proliferation causing local destruction of bone tissue. Owing to its low incidence and variable clinical presentation, the diagnosis requires a high degree of awareness by the clinician. Clinical Presentation: We present the case of a 2-year-old boy diagnosed of Gorham-Stout syndrome with involvement of the temporal bone and secondary cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Intervention: Because of the CSF leakage, the patient required two surgical interventions. The second intervention included mastectomy and placement of a patch and a lumbar drainage device during 50 days, after which the leakage ceased. Conclusion: Gorham-Stout disease is a rare condition that can affect the skull base and even present with CSF leakage.

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Abstract.A 6-month-old female German Shepherd Dog died as a result of profuse oral bleeding. At postmortem examination, the oral cavity showed visible roots of the right mandibular fourth premolar and first molar teeth and, in addition, they were very mobile and compressible. Radiographs showed a generalized radiolucency in the body of the right mandible, with evidence of resorption of the affected alveolar bone. Histologically, the lesion of the right mandible was characterized by the lysis of bony structures and a nonmalignant proliferation of blood-filled vascular spaces lined by a single layer of well-differentiated endothelial cells. The clinical, radiographic, and histologic presentation of this dog is consistent with that associated with Gorham-Stout disease, a rare bone disorder in humans.Key words: Bone; disappearing bone disease; dogs; Gorham disease; mandible; osteolysis.A 6-month-old female German Shepherd Dog initially presented to the Hospital Veterinario Rof Codina for intermittent oral bleeding without a history of significant trauma or discomfort. Physical examination showed the presence of fractured and mobile lower right canine and first premolar deciduous teeth with accompanying gingival hemorrhage. After extraction of the fractured teeth and surgical suture, bleeding apparently stopped. Five weeks after the initial presentation, the dog was returned to the Hospital with acute oral bleeding. The laboratory data showed hematocrit and hemoglobin readings of 8.1% (reference range, 37-55%) and 2.5 g/dl (reference range, 12-18 g/dl), respectively; coagulation parameters were within normal laboratory ranges. Bleeding originated from the gingiva around the teeth of the right mandible, but attempts to arrest it were unsuccessful because the exact source of the hemorrhage could not be identified. In spite of the prescribed treatment and transfusion of whole blood, the dog died.At postmortem examination, gross pathologic findings were limited to the body of the right half of the mandible. The roots of the fourth premolar and first molar teeth were readily visible because of marked gingival recession accompanied by an enlargement of the bony alveoli (Fig. 1). Both teeth were very mobile, and when compressed, they introduced deeply into the body of the mandible. There was no associated gingivitis. Dissection of the mandible showed a loss of the affected alveolar and adjacent bone and, in addition, an area of absence of cortical bone of 1 cm in diameter in the lateral surface of the right mandibular body, ventral to the third premolar. The affected mandibular bone showed no nodules or enlargement, and no abnormalities were identified at the rostral extremity of the body and ramus of the right mandible or at the left half of the bone. These postmortem findings indicated direct trauma to the inferior alveolar vessels of the right mandibular canal by the mobile teeth as the origin of the hemorrhage.The dissected mandible was thereafter subjected to a radiographic study. Radiographs demonstrated a large area ...