This research paper presents a descriptive model to assess the quality of bus services by measuring passengers’ satisfaction in Sulaimani city. Transportation facilities are enlivening the economic activities of any country. Public transportation services are an important aspect of any urban transportation system, as they provide mobility for a number of passengers to different destinations in different directions at the same time via one transportation facility. Public transportation is considered a sustainable mode of transportation. This study intends to assess the services’ quality and identify the challenges to sustainable development in public transportation in order to achieve sustainable development for the current public transportation system. A passenger survey was conducted in order to assess the level of service quality including 300 participants. The study depends mainly on the passengers’ survey, as well as interviews and personal observations for data collection. SPSS software and GIS are used for Data analysis. The results show the outcomes of the assessment process of the current system based on passenger’s opinions. The results reveal the system’s aspect in detail which is further clarified in the conclusion. The paper recommends several steps to be adopted in order to improve the current public transportation system in Sulaimani and other cities, it also suggests future studies that can integrate with this study and contribute in achieving its goal
The topic of preservation of heritage is a priority and is of serious importance in the context of issues of concern to the countries of the world. It is a clear indication of the progress of civilizations, the one from which subsequent generations derive their culture and their architectural identity. The research considers terms related to philosophical, cultural, economic, educational and sustainability aspects. Though, the focus of the paper is not to explain the goal of conservation on prevention and maintenance only. Nevertheless, the aim is to clarify the mechanisms related to the concept of the conservation policy, the way of its development and ease of access, to achieve treatments in architectural conservation.In this paper, some samples have been discussed as case studies. The selected heritage buildings are very well-known representative samples of architectural heritage and identity. The projects will be analyzed to create a clear image to identify the main features of architectural conservation with the suggestion to achieve the best conservation policy. This is done through concluding appropriate and effective regulations and treatments to prevent further mishandling, distortion and deterioration of heritage buildings. Besides, the challenges and problems facing the development of conservation policy to be addressed.The objective of the paper is to study and evaluate the conservation policy used in the processes of restoration of various examples, which is followed by analytical method based on a historical survey, to contribute to the prevention of distortion and extinction of historical buildings and evaluate their endurance to preserve the identity and architectural sensation of the city. This is by using the best method of conservation policies with specific recommendations to conduct the conservation process in accordance with engineering and scientific methods so that the building achieves renewal, sustainability and the highest historical, architectural and social impact.
The fact that some Kurdish cities in Kurdistan of Iraq are floundering in the issue of architectural identity and the emergence of different opinions about the nature of Kurdish architecture, between those who support being part of Islamic architecture and others adopt modern architecture to support contemporary political orientation, with the emergence of other individual orientations. This is a motive for conducting this research and diagnosing the intellectual position of the man and the Kurdish society and monitoring the problems he suffers in the subject of identity in general, which reflects on the architectural output and the architectural identity. The current research aims at diagnosing the intellectual position of man and the Kurdish society and its impact on the subject of identity in general and on architectural identity in particular. This research attempts to verify the following hypothesis: The architectural output is directly influenced by the intellectual position of man and the Kurdish society, It represents a reflection of the position of the society of identity, and that the identity of the architectural identity of crises is only a reflection of the crises in the identity of society.
The issue of conservation of heritage occupies an advanced place in the context of issues of general concern to the nations of the world because it is a clear indicator of the progress of civilizations, from which subsequent generations derive their culture and their architectural identity. This paper is important in terms of philosophical, cultural, economic, and educational and sustainability aspects.The main problem in the research is the deterioration of the architectural character of the Kurdish heritage in Sulaymaniyah, especially in recent decades. The objective of the research is to evaluate and find the best solutions to the policy of preserving valuable heritage buildings and improving their ability to preserve the architectural identity of the city.The research focuses on the study of the efficiency of the architectural conservation of the old heritage buildings that underwent the process of conservation and rehabilitation, the failure of the architectural conservation and neglect policies by the authorities has resulted in the removal of the architectural values and the loss of the architectural identity of the city, which led to deterioration and distortion of the architectural character of the Kurdish heritage. The research takes an analytical approach and historical survey to contribute the prevention, deformation, and degradation of heritage buildings. The selected heritage buildings are examples of the restored architectural heritage in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The research was based on analysis of old documents, photographs, detailed indicators of heritage buildings and surveying of buildings with surrounding areas, as well as the creation of a table to evaluate the conservation policy and analyze the impact of preserving the architectural characteristics of these buildings. The research concludes with a set of recommendations that can help improve the efficiency of architectural conservation and preserve the original heritage elements of the Kurdish community and increase community awareness regarding the importance of preserving this valuable heritage that left from ancestors to remain etched in generations’ memories. The research was able to reach to the results through the analysis of the main and secondary indicators, which are considered as tools of evaluating the conservation process in Sulaymaniyah or anywhere in the world, for protecting the architectural identity and its original characteristic.
The class phenomenon is a social case that exists in every society, despite that all the theories tries to deny it. It is an old phenomenon which refers to the beginning of the life of human beings. Previous researchs refer this phenomenon to a number of factors, such as: econnmical basis, professional basis, lifestyle and cultural prevailing of that time, and according to that, sociologists classified these differences within social classes. They affect the social status, behavior, values and lifestyle of people, as well as their place of residence and design. Accordingly, this paper has been designed to expalin the influence of social classes on the design of residential buildings through a historical and analytical approach that illustrates and confirms the research idea. This research assumes that the social phenomenon has a role in creating differences between the designs of traditional residential buildings. In order to prove this, the Erbil Citadel has been chosen as a model of this practical study, because it has clear divisions that consist of three different regions (Saray, Takiya and Topkhana), these divisions are taken from the class divisions of the Ottoman Empire, because the Citadel was a part of the Ottoman Empire until 1918. The research has been divided into two main sections. In the first section, the theoretical aspects of the study have been identified. The concept of layers and the reasons for their appearance have been examined, as the Erbil Citadel has been studied historically. In the second section, the most important analysis of the impact of social classes on the design of residential buildings heritage in the Erbil Citadel have been examined through the outcomes that are drawn from the first part. Finally, the findings of the study have been discussed and tested.
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