BackgroundOropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has shown a gradual increase in male predominance due to the increasing incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated OSCC. However, the mode of HPV transmission to the oral cavity is poorly understood, and little is known about the epidemiology of oral HPV infection in men. The prevalence rates of HPV, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp. were compared in the oropharynx (oral cavity) and urine of male Japanese patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic.MethodsThe study population consisted of 213 men aged 16 – 70 years old (mean: 34.4 years old). Oropharyngeal gargles and urine were collected, and sedimented cells were preserved in liquid-based cytology solution. After DNA extraction, β-globin and infectious organisms were analyzed by a PCR-based method. The HPV genotype was determined by HPV GenoArray test.Resultsβ-Globin was positive in 100% and 97.7% of oral and urine samples, respectively. HPV detection rates were 18.8% and 22.1% in oral and urine samples, respectively, suggesting that the prevalence of HPV infection in the oral cavity was similar to that in the urinary tract. N. gonorrhoeae was more prevalent in oral (15.6%) than urine samples (9.1%), whereas C. trachomatis was detected more frequently in urine (15.9%) than oral samples (4.2%). The detection rates of M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. were 5.2%, 10.3%, and 16.0% in oral samples, and 7.7%, 6.3%, and 19.2% in urine, respectively. There were no significant differences in the detection rates of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. between anatomical locations. The distribution of HPV types were similar in oral and urine samples, and HPV16 was the most common type. The majority of men with HPV infection in both the oral cavity and urine had concordant oral and urinary HPV infection. The presence of urinary HPV infection was an independent risk factor of oral HPV infection, with an odds ratio of 3.39 (95% CI: 1.49 – 7.71), whereas oral gonococcal infection was inversely correlated with oral HPV infection (odds ratio: 0.096; 95% CI: 0.01 – 0.77).ConclusionsOral HPV infection commonly occurs in sexually active men, and is significantly correlated with urinary HPV infection.
At first, urinary stones were classified according to their inorganic components (apatite, struvite, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate and uric acid). Then, matrix glycosaminoglycan was extracted from the stones in each group and was analyzed by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. There were differences in the glycosaminoglycan content of matrices among different groups of urinary stones. The principal matrix glycosaminoglycan content consisted of hyaluronic acid in apatite and struvite stones, heparan sulfate in calcium oxalate monohydrate and uric acid stones, and hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate in calcium oxalate dihydrate stones. We conclude that hyaluronic acid and/or heparan sulfate has an important role in urinary stone formation.
We have developed a partial dissolution method which enabled us to observe the internal architecture of urinary calculi. Using this method with improved organic matrix fixative, we studied the architecture of small calcium oxalate monohydrate urinary calculi with special attention to crystal-matrix interrelations. Calculi, we have observed, are invariably composed of 3 distinct zones. A core area is composed of randomly aggregated plate-like crystals with tendency of rosette formation. This core area is surrounded by an intermediate layer which shows prominent radial striations. This layer is composed of radially arranged piles of sheet-like crystals which extend beyond many layers of lamination. This layer gradually shifts to a peripheral layer where concentric laminations are prominent and each layer of lamination is composed of minute crystals which have lost radial arrangement. The organic matrix is observed only at the outside of the crystals, and matrix-rich crystal-poor bands separate each layer of concentric lamination. The concentric lamination seems to be a manifestation of the altered density of organic matrix which encrusted on the developing calculi and offered a milieu for crystal growth within.
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