Abstact: Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospital generally been resistant to many antimicrobial-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin was rarely reported. Strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of nosocomial infections that are multiresistant to antibiotics. This study aims to determine the presence of bacteria Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) on paramedics in the treatment room and the surgical ICU care hospitals Zalecha Martapura queen. This study used a descriptive survey method. The population in this study were nurses who worked in the surgical and ICU care that numbered 38 people. Sampling technique accidental sampling with a sample of 27 people. The survey results revealed 27 positive samples of Staphylococcus aureus 14 people, there is a sensitivity test results of 7 samples were resistant to cefoxitin (MRSA 26%), 4 samples were resistant to oxacilin and 7 samples were resistant to vancomycin (VRSA 26%). Concluded there is MRSA and VRSA in hospital Queen zalecha Martapura, it is advisable to increase the cleanliness of individuals and the use of personal protective equipment to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections in the scope of the hospital. Keywords: MRSA; VRSA; Paramedic Abstrak: Galur Staphylococcus aureus yang diisolasi dari rumah sakit umumnya telah resisten terhadap berbagai antimikroba, Galur Staphylococcus aureus yang resisten terhadap vankomisin masih jarang dilaporkan. Galur Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan penyebab utama infeksi nosokomial yang bersifat multiresisten terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya bakteri Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) dan Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) pada paramedis di ruang perawatan bedah dan perawatan ICU RSUD Ratu Zalecha Martapura. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey deskriptif. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah perawat yang bekerja di ruang perawatan bedah dan ruang ICU yang berjumlah 38 orang. Tehnik sampling secara accidental sampling dengan jumlah sampel 27 orang. Hasil penelitian diketahui dari 27 sampel yang positif Staphylococcus aureus 14 orang, hasil uji sensitivitas terdapat 7 sampel resisten terhadap cefoxitin (MRSA 26%), 4 sampel resisten terhadap oxacilin dan 7 sampel resisten terhadap vancomycin (VRSA 26%). Disimpulkan terdapat MRSA dan VRSA di Rumah sakit Ratu zalecha Martapura, disarankan untuk meningkatkan kebersihan individu dan penggunaan alat pelindung diri untuk mengurangi kejadian infeksi nosokomial di lingkup rumah sakit. Kata Kunci : MRSA; VRSA ; Paramedis
<p style="text-align: justify;">In a laboratory, an erythrocyte is done by using hemocytometer and microscope. The task is to measure and assess the size and shape of the erythrocyte. But this procedure is time consuming, complex and tedious. As a solution to this problem, to provide an automated, cost-effective and efficient alternative to detection and counting of erythrocyte, hematology analyzers are used. However, false results related either to erythrocyte or other parameters from complete blood count may be observed in several instances. The objective study was to compare the accuracy of erythrocyte count results of automatic hematological analysis by the manual method. The study is an analytic survey with a cross-sectional design. Erythrocyte counting is done by using three types of control blood, namely high, normal and low, with 9 repetitions. In high control blood, the mean erythrocytes count by the manual method was 7.08 million/μl with a bias value of 1.4%, while that by the automated method was 7.03 million/μl with a bias value of 0.7%. The mean erythrocyte count in normal control blood by the manual method was 4.50 million/μl with a bias value of 0.9%, while that by the automated method was 4.4 million/μl with a bias value of 2.4%. And in low control blood, the mean erythrocyte count by the manual method was 1.72 million/μl with 4.4% bias value, while that the automated method was 1.67 million/μl with 1.2% bias value. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in accuracy between the erythrocyte count of manual methods with automated methods.</p>
Specialty coffee is one form of coffee products that has developed into a niche market in the last five years in Indonesia. The development of the specialty coffee market starts from the many coffee shops that have sprung up in urban areas. This study focuses on the efficiency analysis of the Argopuro specialty coffee distribution channel. Argopuro as a single origin and new producer of specialty coffee requires a study of distribution channels that have been running in the past three years in order to develop efficient channels. Research location is located in Tlogosari Village, Sumbermalang Sub-district, Situbondo Regency. The sampling method is taken by non-probabling sampling by focusing on actors in each distribution channel. The sample consisted of 20 assisted farmers, 1 processor and 7 home roasters. The results of the study showed that the farmer share obtained by farmers in the Argopuro specialty coffee business is 36%. While the marketing strategy of each distribution chain actor includes; farmers (48%), processors (53%), and roastery (48%). Percentage of profit and cost ratio is obtained evenly between market institutions. Prossesor has a profit ratio of 83% and costs 73%. While roastery has a profit ratio of 73% and a cost ratio of 80%. Based on these indicators, the Argopuro specialty coffee distribution channel is efficient in terms of margin share, profit share and cost share. However, the purchase price at the farmer level needs to be considered so that the portion of the farmer share can be increased.
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