In the traditional system of practices, animal fats and its oil gained acceptance in healing various ailments. Fats are chemically triglycerides in which glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids. The fats are generally obtained from animal by rendering methods. The main difference between fat and oil is that they are solid and liquid at room temperature respectively. Fatty acid composition present in oil is determined by GC-MS analysis. And it mainly includes oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. This composition plays an important role in antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial activities. The therapeutic products from the animal's fat and oils are presenting the tremendous acceptability for human, while used by various route of administrations for various internal and external therapeutic indications. This merit of the animal's fat and oils make it an exceptional choice for using them as a drug. The key fatty acid present in the oil are mainly responsible for the therapeutic activity. The different types of fat obtained from varieties of animal include crocodile, turtle, lizard, sheep, cobra, shark, python etc. Lack of scientific evidence for the traditional healing practice using animal fats or its oils make researches to scientifically prove the therapeutic activity and this may lead to the new era for the development of a variety of novel formulations. Animal based products are also gained importance along with animal based medicines. This article focuses on various animal fats, its traditional uses and some of the formulations developed recently by using these.
Aims: To determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence among pregnant women and to evaluate associated sociodemographic factors.Methods: This is a prospective cohort study which was carried out in the outpatient department, antenatal and labour wards among 635 antenatal women above 34 weeks of gestation. A pretested questionnaire was used and women were divided into two groups based on presence or absence of intimate partner violence. The sociodemographic details of the women were taken in both groups and data were analyzed for statistical significance using SPSS version 16.Results: The incidence of intimate partner violence was 52.8% out of which 30.7% were positive for physical violence, 23.4% for sexual violence and 46.3% for emotional violence. Sociodemographic factors like lower socioeconomic status, Hindu religion, economically not independent, unemployed husband, problems with in-laws, dowry at marriage, alcoholic and smoker spouse was associated with significantly more domestic violence (p<0.05).Conclusions: Iintimate partner violence is not uncommon and under reported.
Background: The aetiology of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is varied and ranges from genetic abnormalities, autoimmune, uterine structural abnormalities, thrombophilic disorders, endocrinologic dysfunction, infective to idiopathic factors. Reproductive immunology may provide an area of opportunity in treatment of idiopathic cases. Research has indicated that any amount of HLA compatibility among spouses leads to immunological perturbations leading to higher RPL rates. These disturbances in alloimmune parameters are found to be significantly reduced after a successful immunotherapy with paternal lymphocytes immunotherapy (LIT) among couples who share HLA. Aim: To analyze the role of alloimmune factors in couples who are considered unexplained RPL by testing HLA sharing between the partners and to determine the effect of lymphocyte immunotherapy (LIT) on live birth rate in couples with HLA sharing. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in a single tertiary center in Bangalore for a duration of three years. Couples who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and HLA sharing between the partners was tested. Couples with HLA sharing received LIT before and during pregnancy. The pregnancy and live birth rates were calculated and compared with couples with HLA sharing who did not receive LIT. Results: Out of the 199 couples who were screened for HLA sharing among partners, 146 couples had different degrees of HLA sharing. 81 couples received LIT and 32 did not opt for LIT and were taken as control group. The pregnancy and live birth rates were significantly higher in the LIT group compared to control group (77.7% vs 40.6%, p-0.0001, OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.10-11.4 and 56.7% vs 21.8%, p-0.0002, OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.13-13.8 respectively). Miscarriage rates were similar between the two groups. Conclusion: Partner lymphocyte immunotherapy is a novel treatment option in improving the pregnancy outcomes among women with unexplained RPL and HLA sharing among partners.
To analyse the domestic violence among pregnant women and its adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. Design: Prospective cohort study Setting: Tertiary Hospital in Bangalore Sample: Antenatal women above 34 weeks of gestation attending the outpatient department and admitted in the antenatal and labour ward for a period of one year. Methods: Eight hundred antenatal women fulfilling inclusion criteria were screened using a pretested questionnaire. The women were divided into 2 groups, those who were positive for domestic violence and those who were negative and followed up till outcome of pregnancy. Data was analyzed for statistical significance using SPSS version 16. Main outcome measures: To determine the prevalence of domestic violence and the adverse pregnancy outcome secondary to domestic violence during pregnancy. Results: The prevalence of domestic violence in our study was 52.8%. There was a positive association between the presence of medical and obstetric complications, presence of risk factors and increased incidence of domestic violence. The neonatal admissions of babies of mothers subjected to domestic violence were 41.2%. The incidence of preterm babies was 12%. Perinatal morbidities were also higher with babies born to abused women. Puerperal complications like lactation failure and other postpartum psychiatric problems did not have any relation to domestic violence. Conclusion: Domestic violence is a very sensitive issue due to fear of reprisal, is under reported. Welldesigned screening protocols and counseling options should be put in place so that women get timely care. Funding: None.
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