Introduction: AUB at menopausal transition is alarming and needs thorough evaluation, as it could be the only clinical manifestation of cancer. Methodology: This prostective study was done to evaluate the gynaecological causes of AUB in menopausal transition in OBG Department, MMC&RI, Mysore. These women were evaluated; clinical, ultrasound and histopathological findings were correlated. Results: In the present study, heavy menstrual bleeding (66.7%) was the commonest type of bleeding pattern. Leiomyoma, DUB and Adenomyosis were the principle causes of AUB. Leiomyoma accounts for the 60.6% of cases, DUB accounts for 15.9%, Adenomyosis accounts for 9.09% and Leiomyoma with Adenomyosis accounts for the 14.39% of cases. Conclusion: Endometrial biopsy and its interpretation play a pivotal role in the management of AUB cases in menopausal transition. It emphasizes the role of health care professionals to encourage teaching and implementation of alternative procedures to ensure that women receive the maximum benefits with least morbidity.

3D printing and nanotechnology have been two of the most important tools in the development of personalized medical treatments. More recently, their alliance has developed in an effort to create new, flexible, multidisciplinary, and/or medical and drug-wise products. Therefore, a comprehensive review of scientific studies, including 3D printing and nanomaterials on the development of new pharmaceutical methods and medical applications for the treatment and prevention of diseases, is presented here with the help of secondary research from most recent articles. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has held the power of building a new class of active nanocomposites. With the ability to print a layer of complex 3D objects by layer, additional production of nanomaterials can be used in new ways to significantly control architectural structures of all sizes. The high efficiency of embedded nanomaterials can further extend the power of nanocomposites to structures such as gradients in thermal conductivity, converted photonic emissions, and increased energy and reduced weight. According to the survey done by annual industry, around 50% of the market of 3d printing in the industrial sectors is credited to created prototypes by means of photopolymers. While, Formlabs, Stratasys, HP, Desktop Metal, Ultimaker, Carbon, EOS, Nanoscribe and Markforged are among the top additive manufacturers. This work is hereby an effort to focus on different techniques, merits and demerits, applications, recent advances, relation with nanotechnology along with future aspects.

This prospective study was done at the Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital, Ayanavaram, Chennai to measure the intraoperative blood loss during adenotonsillectomy and to assess the factors affecting it. Since blood volume in children is low, even a small loss will result in dreaded complications, so blood loss measurement in paediatric surgery is important. Adenotonsillectomy is the most common surgery performed in the field of otolaryngology, so blood loss measurement is essential in this surgery. In the study, 50 children who underwent adenotonsillectomy, by conventional dissection and snare method for tonsillectomy and curette method for adenoidectomy, were evaluated for operative blood loss. This study was conducted over a 1 year period, from June 2013 to June 2014. Both gravimetric method and blood volume studies were used to measure the operative blood loss. The estimated blood loss by gravimetric method was 94.35 ml, whereas the actual blood loss by blood volume studies was 90.57 ml and the average blood loss was 92.46 ml. The youngest child who was operated was 4 years old and the oldest child was 15 years old. The minimum blood loss was 40.30 ml and the maximum was 278.46 ml. In our series, operative blood loss was dependent on fibrosis of tonsil and the grade of the tonsil. There was no significant correlation between age and sex of the patient and the surgical skills.

Background: Major change in the practice of obstetrics over the past century is progressive increase in the frequency of caesarean delivery and recent scientific information show improved survival or decreased morbidity for the neonate when caesarean delivery is performed for extreme prematurity. This study was done to determine the caesarean section rate for sections done between 20 and 28 weeks of gestation and to analyze the indications for such sections.Methods: Institutional based retrospective observational study done in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Cheluvamba Hospital, MMC&RI, Mysore, Karnataka, India. Caesarean sections done over 5 years from January 1st 2010 till December 31st 2014 are considered for the study. The total number of Caesarean sections done for gestational age between 20 and 28 weeks are noted. The data obtained is analyzed for the indications at the respective gestational ages.Results: Frequency of caesarean section at gestational age between 20 and 28 weeks is seen to be <1%. Out of total 15,906 LSCS cases, 97 (0.6%) patients under went caesarean section between 20 and 28 weeks of gestation. Of the 97 cases, 54 cases (55.67%) were operated at 28 weeks, 17 cases (17.52%) at 26 weeks, 20 cases (20.61%) at 24 weeks, 4 cases (4.12%) at 22 weeks and 2 cases (2.06%) at 20 weeks of gestation. APH in 33 (34.0%), pre-ecclampsia and ecclampsia in 30 (30.9%) cases are found to be the indications for delivery in 61 cases (64.9%). The indications for caesarean sections in 44 (45.3%) cases were previous caesarean section associated with or without pre-ecclampsia and APH as contributory factors.Conclusions: Caesarean section rate for gestational age between 20 and 28 weeks’ gestational age is <1% and there is decreasing trend. Previous caesarean section, APH, ecclampsia and pre-ecclampsia with their complications are the common indications for such sections. The decision to perform first caesarean section and the indication for it is of prime importance.

Abstract:: The metabolic diseases are the consequences of abnormal chemical reactions in the body leading to variation in the normal metabolic processes. These diseases have actually reached to an epidemic stage round the globe. Among the several types of metabolic disorders, type II diabetes is quite serious and dependent on glucose level in blood. The major challenge is the continuous monitoring of blood glucose level. Among the different blood sugar level diagnostic strategies, nanotechnology may offer several advantages over traditional systems owing to the better surface area of sensors, improved catalytic property of electrodes plus better handling. For this, reason, different types of nanosensors (to measure blood glucose level) and nanomaterials (to improve glucose sensor function) have been investigated by various researchers. This work is an effort to discuss the role of nanosensors and the major advancements that has been utilized so far for the effective and reproducible diagnosis of blood glucose level which may provide better and effective diagnosis for type 2 diabetes.