Crustacean amphipods are important trophic links between primary producers and higher consumers. although most amphipods occur in or around aquatic environments, the family talitridae is the only family found in terrestrial and semi-terrestrial habitats. the sand-hopper Trinorchestia longiramus is a talitrid species often found in the sandy beaches of South Korea. In this study, we present the first draft genome assembly and annotation of this species. We generated ~380.3 Gb of sequencing data assembled in a 0.89 Gb draft genome. Annotation analysis estimated 26,080 protein-coding genes, with 89.9% genome completeness. Comparison with other amphipods showed that T. longiramus has 327 unique orthologous gene clusters, many of which are expanded gene families responsible for cellular transport of toxic substances, homeostatic processes, and ionic and osmotic stress tolerance. This first talitrid genome will be useful for further understanding the mechanisms of adaptation in terrestrial environments, the effects of heavy metal toxicity, as well as for studies of comparative genomic variation across amphipods. Background & SummaryAmphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans, composed of more than 228 families with over 10,200 species 1 . Most members of Amphipoda are found in aquatic environments, with both freshwater and marine species that occur in diverse habitats 2-6 . However, only a few amphipods in the family Talitridae are found in terrestrial regions close to the water, and others are "semi-terrestrial, " with both littoral and terrestrial representatives 7 .Talitrids are one of the prevailing macrofaunal groups in coastal regions that live along the interface between the water and land. The coastal talitrids, also known as "sand-hoppers, " are considered key species for energy flow to higher trophic levels 8 . They play a crucial role in food web dynamics by feeding on algal-biomass 9 and detritus along sandy beaches. They then become the source of food for many invertebrates, fish, and birds 4,8 . Unfortunately, anthropogenic activity contributes to various types of pollutants in the coastal ecosystem, which impacts the survival of talitrids 10-12 and other macrofauna [13][14][15] . For this reason, many talitrids are used as model organisms for studies of metal toxicity 10-12 . In addition, previous work on talitrids examined levels of genetic variation 16,17 , behavioral adaptations 18 , osmoregulation 19 , and orientation studies 20 . Most of these studies were carried out along the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea regions.Despite such biological and ecological significance, no genome studies have been performed on any talitrid species, and only three genomes have been studied among the entire amphipod order. These included (1) Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Family: Eulimnogammaridae) 21 , a freshwater amphipod from Baikal Lake; (2) Hyalella azteca (Family: Hyalellidae) 22 , another freshwater amphipod that lives by burrowing in the sediments; and (3) Parhyale hawaiensis (Family: Hyalidae) 23 . Tr...
The present work aims at identification of multiple drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in a selected stretch, namely, Puri on the Bay of Bengal, India. Six stations at the coast of Puri were selected and samples of water and sediment were collected during the winter of 2008 and 2009 for this study. Thirty-eight pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified from both the water and the sediment of 6 fixed stations (PU-1a, PU-1b, PU-2, PU-3, PU-4, and PU-5). The identified pathogens were Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated bacteria was studied by using 12 selected antibiotics, commonly used for the medication of human beings and animals. The isolated pathogens from both the water and the sediment samples showed lowest resistance to chloramphenicol (C-30 μg) where as the pathogens showed highest level of resistance to ampicillin (10-μg) among the antibiotics used for the study. Among the isolated pathogens E. faecalis (PU-1a), P. aeruginosa (PU-2 and PU-3), E. coli (PU-3 and PU-4), and K. pneumonia (PU-4) showed resistance to more than four antibiotics. Out of the isolated species, 57.8% pathogens were multi-drug resistant. Antibiotic resistance indexes of all the stations were calculated and found to be in the range of 0.066 to 0.083.
The present study was aimed at delivering a low bioavailability drug, rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RTG), to the brain through its encapsulation in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and targeted to amyloid inhibition in the brain. MSNs were characterized for size, zeta potential, and drug entrapment using SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, FT-IR, and PXRD. Drug-loaded MSNs were assessed for in vitro release kinetics and ex vivo followed by animal studies. The average size of the prepared blank (MCM-41B) and drug-loaded MSNs (MCM-41L) was 114 ± 2.0 and 145 ± 0.4 nm with the zeta potential of approximately −43.5 ± 1.1 and −37.6 ± 1.4 mV, respectively. MCM-41L exhibited an average entrapment efficiency of 88%. In vitro release studies exhibited early surge followed by a sluggish persistent or constant release (biphasic pattern). Hemolytic studies proved that the developed MCM-41L NPs are less hemolytic compared to RTG. A reduced ThT fluorescence was observed with MCM-41L compared to MCM-41B and RTG in the amyloid inhibition studies. A significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of AChE (acetycholinesterase) was observed for MCM-41L (80 ± 4.98%), RTG (62 ± 3.25%), and MCM-41B (54 ± 4.25%). In vivo pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats revealed that the AUC and mean residence time (MRT) for MCM-41L was sustained and significantly higher (p < 0.05) (780 ± 3.30 ng/L; 5.49 ± 0.25 h) compared to RTG solution (430 ± 3.50 ng/L; 0.768 ± 0.17 h). Similarly, the half-life was found to be significantly higher in case of MCM-41L. The promising result was brain delivery of RTG in Wistar rats which was enhanced almost 127 folds in vivo, using MCM-41L nanoparticles. MCM-41L nanoparticles effectively enhanced the bioavailability of RTG. Conclusively, these can be used for the administration of RTG and other related low bioavailability drugs for improved brain delivery.
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