Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a group of astrocytes, neurons and endothelial cells, which makes restricted passage of various biological or chemical entities to the brain tissue. It gives protection to brain at one hand, but at the other hand it has very selective permeability for bio-actives and other foreign materials and is one of the major challenges for the drug delivery. Nanocarriers are promising to cross BBB utilizing alternative route of administration such as intranasal and intra-carotid drug delivery which bypasses BBB. In future more optimized drug delivery system can be achieved by compiling the best routes with the best carriers. Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and different brain-on-a-chip in vitro models are being very reliable to study live in vivo tracking of BBB and its pathophysiology, respectively. In the current review we have tried to exploit mechanistically all these to understand and manage the various BBB disruptions in diseased condition along with crossing the hurdles occurring in drug or gene delivery across BBB.
PRP appears to be a promising agent in the management of DFUs. In this study, DFUs healed more quickly in the study group than in the control group. There was also significant percent improvement in wound score as compared with debridement and dressing only. If proper selection criteria are applied, PRP could be a useful aid to wound healing in people with DFUs.
Sparse literature is available regarding autopsy findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) despite high mortality due to its highly contagious nature and lack of robust infrastructure for appropriate handling of the infected cases. Based on clinical findings and various diagnostic tests, it is evident that it holds the potential to affect multiple organ systems of the body preferably lungs and immune and coagulation systems. Cytokine storm-induced thrombotic complication such as disseminated intravascular coagulation is a significant feature in severe cases of COVID-19. This review captures the current information on lung histopathology in COVID-19 infection and severe respiratory failure. In COVID-19, lungs are affected bilaterally, become edematous and red/tan mottled to maroon in color with firm consistency. Distinct parenchymal changes, firm thrombi in the peripheral pulmonary vessels along with diffuse alveolar damage, have been the most consistent feature of COVID-19-related lung pathology. Electron microscopy has also been used to demonstrate viral particles.
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