This study was conducted to detect the presence of chicken and porcine DNA in meatballs using mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) of cytochrome
b
(cyt b) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) species-specific primers, respectively. While, the mtDNA primers targeted transfer RNA-ATP8 (tRNA-ATP8) gene was used for 1 and 5% (w/w) chicken meatball spiked with commercial porcine blood plasm. Chicken meatballs spiked with 1% and 5% (v/w) fresh and commercial porcine blood plasma, respectively were prepared and heat-treated using five (n = 5) cooking methods: boiling, pan-frying, roasting, microwaving and autoclaving. Two pairs of mtDNA and nDNA primers used, produced 129 and 161 bp amplicons, respectively. Whereas, tRNA-ATP8 primers produced 212 bp of amplicon. Electrophoresis analysis showed positive results for porcine DNA at 1% and 5% (w/w or v/v) for all of the different cooking techniques, either for fresh or commercial blood plasma using SINE primers but not for tRNA-ATP8 primers. The present study has highlighted the useful of species-specific primers of SINE primers in PCR analysis for detecting porcine DNA blood plasma in heat-treated chicken meatballs.
Comparison of empty fruit bunches (EFB) and cow manure (CM) compost application as planting medium was conducted using four different treatments of fertilizer on growth and fruit yield of chili (Capsicum annum, Cilibangi-3 variety). The four fertilizer treatments were without fertilizer, chemical, organic, and both chemical and organic fertilizer. The experiment was done from August to December 2014 with three replications in the glass house, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). The result showed a significant different for plant biomass (190.10 g), weight (420.17 g) and total fruits per plant (45.33) in EFB but not significant for plant height and ripening time at p < 0.05. While for CM, significant different occurred on the plant height (100.80 cm), weight (485.67 g) and total fruits per plant (54.67) but no significant different for plant biomass and ripening time at p < 0.05. Thus, different response was observed between EFB and CM planting medium. Application of EFB treated with chemical fertilizer demonstrated better growth and fruit yield, while CM was better growth and fruit yield when treated both chemical and organic fertilizers.
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