<p>The subject of liquidity-profitability interchange is well recognized in the literature. This study was conducted to inspect the trade-off between liquidity and profitability in private sector banks of Pakistan. The study was carried on twenty two private sector banks registered under State bank of Pakistan during the time period of 2009-2013. Three models were specified and estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique. The empirical results revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship between bank liquidity measures and return on assets. However, when return on equity and return on investment was used as proxy for profitability, the relationship became statistically insignificant. It has been recommended that the banks should assess and restructure their strategies for managing liquidity. This will not only improve yields on shareholders equity but will also enhance the use of the assets of the bank.</p>
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of firm-specific (i.e. firm size, profitability, leverage, dividend, growth opportunities, management quality and firm age) and country-specific (i.e., gross domestic product [GDP] growth) variables on compensation/remuneration offered to chief executive officers (CEOs) working in different industries of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach Panel data techniques, namely, pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effects and random effects methods are used to estimate the results. Moreover, Hausman test is used to choose which estimation method, either fixed effects or random effects, is better to explain the results. Findings Firm size, profitability, leverage, growth opportunities and age are some important firm-specific factors that have mixed (i.e. positive/negative) impact on CEO compensation in different industries. Variations in results are due to industry dynamics. However, it is important to mention that three key variables, namely, dividend, management quality and GDP growth have shown consistent positive impact on CEO compensation in most of the industries. In sum, results show that firm-specific and country-specific variables have material effects on CEO compensation. Moreover, results are found consistent with the predictions of agency theory and human capital theory. Practical implications The authors are sure that findings of this study provide some support to the board of directors to determine the pay slice for CEOs. Moreover, findings provide support to the regulatory authorities in formulating mechanisms to determine the compensation package for CEOs working in different industries and to improve the Code of Corporate Governance. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no empirical study in Pakistan has yet estimated the effects of firm-specific and country-specific variables on compensation offered to CEOs working in different industries. Thus, industry-wise analysis provides some new insights to the decision-makers and lays some foundation upon which a more detail analysis could be based.
In today's society, determining living standards requires taking into account life expectancy. Thus, a key concern for policymakers is the analysis of life expectancy characteristics. The life expectancy is evaluated using the panel quantile regression model across many quantile ranges, including 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 0.95. From 2000 through 2018, the study examines the effects of economic progress, energy use, and carbon dioxide releases on life expectancy across Asia and Africa. The analysis shows that CO2 emanations and life expectancy are intimately linked across all life expectancy quantiles. The impact of economic progress on life expectancy is negative in all except 0.95 quantiles. Additionally, except for the higher quantile (0.95), there is a negative and significant correspondence between hydroelectricity usage and life expectancy in the low and higher quantile series. The findings have thus shown beneficial impacts on life expectancy in low, medium, and greater quantities of petroleum and other liquid consumption. The outcomes suggest boosting the corporate structure to increase productivity and development. However, implementing a clean form of energy sources, i.e., renewable energy and technological efforts, need to employ excellently, contributing to environmental sustainability and a healthy ecosystem.
Organizations claim employee as one of the most important strategic assets occupying the central position of intellectual capital. Monetary incentives alone cannot serve the function of retaining such employees. The objective of the study was to explore the individual as well as organizational factors, which governs the behavioural and psychological make-up of an employee and contributes to establishing relationship continuity between a firm and its employees. For this purpose, data is collected from 552 employees working in Textile mills in Multan region through purposive sampling and SEM is applied as a research technique. Results provide interesting factors that can be useful for retaining skilled knowledge workers.
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