No abstract

This paper presents two novel low cost, double-and-triple-node-upset tolerant latch designs. First, a novel low cost and double-node-upset (DNU) completely tolerant (LCDNUT) latch design is proposed. The latch mainly comprises a storage module (SM) feeding back to a 3-input C-element. The SM mainly consists of eight input-split inverters. Since the inputs of the C-element cannot be simultaneously flipped, the latch tolerates any DNU in the SM. When a single node in the SM and the output node are affected, the latch can self-recover from the DNU. Second, to completely tolerate any triple-node-upset (TNU), by replacing the C-element in the LCDNUT latch with a two-level error-interceptive module constructed from triple C-elements, a novel low cost and TNU completely tolerant (LCTNUT) latch design is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed latches. Furthermore, due to the use of a high-speed transmission path, the clock-gating technology and fewer transistors, the proposed LCTNUT latch reduces the delay-power-area product by approximately 99.39% and has a low sensitivity to the process-voltage-and-temperature variation effects, compared with currently the only TNU completely tolerant latch design.

Iodine deficiency disorders are one of the commonest preventable human health problems. Producing iodine-enriched crops could be an effective way to reduce their epidemicity in many regions. However, the actual knowledge on this issue is limited mostly to studies involving grain crops and inorganic iodine fertilizers such as I − and IO − 3. Moreover, the translocation, transformation and distribution of iodine from soil to plants are not well understood. Here, we studied iodine transfer from soil to vegetables using both inorganic iodine (KI) and organic, seaweed iodine. Greenhouse culture experiments were undertaken to assess the absorption and accumulation of iodine by four vegetables: Chinese cabbage, lettuce, tomato and carrot. We also investigated the dynamic variation of exogenous iodine in soil by applying KI and a composite of seaweed and diatomite. Our results show first that iodine levels in vegetables increase with the increasing addition of iodine. Second, the iodine content in the edible portion ranks as follows: Chinese cabbage (high I) > lettuce > carrot > tomato (low I). The iodine accumulation in the edible portion of the cabbage is thus 2.25 and 4.45 times higher than that of lettuce and carrot, respectively, and 19.67 times higher than that of tomato. In vegetable tissues the iodine distribution is ranked as: root (high I) > leaf > stem > fruit (low I), except for carrot, where the average iodine level in the rhizome is 50% of the shoot. Third, vegetable growth is inhibited when the added iodine concentration is higher than 50 mg kg −1. The order of tolerance against iodine toxicity is ranked as: carrot (high tolerance) > Chinese cabbage > lettuce > tomato (low tolerance). Fourth, the seaweed composite iodine fertilizer demonstrates more potential of durability than KI. Indeed, when KI is added to the soil at 150 mg kg −1 , the biomass of cabbage, lettuce, tomato and carrot decreases by 34.8%, 41.3%, 46.8% and 17.9%, respectively. By comparison, the biomass decreases are lower, 16.6%, 22.9%, 23.4% and 9.7%, respectively, when applying the seaweed composite. Fifth, after harvest, the residual iodine in soil fertilized with KI is only 56% of the initial addition, which is less than that for seaweed composite. This study is of theoretical importance to understand iodine biogeochemistry and its transfer behavior, and also has practical implications for seeking effective alternatives of iodine biofortification to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. exogenous iodine / vegetable / absorption / biofortification / health / iodine deficiency disorder

No abstract

No abstract