Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Recent studies suggest that children and adolescents have worse post-TBI outcomes and take longer to recover than adults. However, the pathophysiology and progression of TBI in the pediatric population are studied to a far lesser extent compared to the adult population. Common causes of TBI in children are falls, sports/recreation-related injuries, non-accidental trauma, and motor vehicle-related injuries. A fundamental understanding of TBI pathophysiology is crucial in preventing long-term brain injury sequelae. Animal models of TBI have played an essential role in addressing the knowledge gaps relating to pTBI pathophysiology. Moreover, a better understanding of clinical biomarkers is crucial to diagnose pTBI and accurately predict long-term outcomes. This review examines the current preclinical models of pTBI, the implications of pTBI on the brain’s vasculature, and clinical pTBI biomarkers. Finally, we conclude the review by speculating on the emerging role of the gut-brain axis in pTBI pathophysiology.

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Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is an ectoenzyme bound to the plasma membranes of numerous cells via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. TNAP’s function is well-recognized from earlier studies establishing its important role in bone mineralization. TNAP is also highly expressed in cerebral microvessels; however, its function in brain cerebral microvessels is poorly understood. In recent years, few studies have begun to delineate a role for TNAP in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs)—a key component of cerebral microvessels. This review summarizes important information on the role of BMEC TNAP, and its implication in health and disease. Furthermore, we discuss current models and tools that may assist researchers in elucidating the function of TNAP in BMECs.

Palabras clave Colgajos de perforantes, PectoralMayor, Doble plano invertido.Código numérico 5211-52112-158336 El polo inferior de la mama en ocasiones puede estar afectado en su espesor por diferentes causas, como el simple paso del tiempo, resecciones oncoló-gicas, extrusiones protésicas por infección, seromas, fístulas, etc.Describimos en este trabajo una alternativa quirúr-gica para brindar una mayor cobertura al cuadrante ínferointerno de la glándula mamaria, utilizando un colgajo de músculo pectoral en su porción distal, basado en la irrigación de sus perforantes internas. Some times, the mammary inferior breast pole can be affected in its thickness due to different causes such as merely overtime, oncology resections, implant exposure caused by infection, seromas, fistulas, etc. This paper describes a surgical alternative to provide a greater coverage in the inferior-internal quadrant of the breast, using a pectoral muscle flap in its distal position based on the irrigation by its internal perforating artery.Vassaro, V. O.

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We describe a patient who had chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) Binet stage A at presentation with further evidence of disease at multiple sites but who initially required no treatment. However, several years later, her peripheral blood lymphocyte count started to increase, and soon after that she suffered an acute myocardial infarct (in the absence of coronary atheroma) together with proteinuric renal failure due to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Her renal function improved markedly following anti-CLL chemotherapy. We postulate that her cardiac and renal disease were both complications of her CLL. In patients with CLL who develop new clinical signs or symptoms (even if apparently unrelated), consideration should be given as to whether these may be disease complications as this may serve as an indication to commence anti-CLL therapy; close liaison between different specialties is vital.

La ptosis mamaria es consulta frecuente en la práctica del cirujano plástico, y las opciones quirúrgicas para su corrección son múltiples. A pesar de los avances en el tratamiento de esta alteración, los resultados impredecibles y las posibles complicaciones siguen siendo frecuentes, sobre todo cuando se asocia la colocación de implantes mamarios. La dehiscencia de la herida, la exposición del implante y la modificación de la forma de la mama, en especial del polo inferior, pueden estar presentes a corto o largo plazo en las pacientes sometidas a cirugía de pexia mamaria con implantes. Presentamos una nueva técnica quirúrgica para suspensión y protección del polo inferior de la mama a partir de un colgajo dermoglandular de pedículo interno inferior que llamaremos "hamaca". Este colgajo, nos permite mantener más estable la forma de la mama a lo largo del tiempo y brindar así una mayor protección al implante en caso de dehiscencia de la herida.

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