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This study aimed to investigate the effects of Extracellular Vesicles (EV) secreted from mouse embryonic fi broblasts EV on wound healing of full-thickness skin defect in a diabetic mouse model. The study included both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies 82 mice. In the in vitro stage of the experimental study, hysterectomy was performed on two mice between the 13-14th days of pregnancy and then EV was isolated by cell culturing.VEGF, IL-6, and TNF-α biomarkers were examined in tissue homogenate. Moreover, tissue taken from wound area was also subjected to histopathologic scoring. EV augmented th e effect of VEGF. Therefore promoted angiogenesis increases the transport of cells, essential oxygen and nutrients in the wound area. Extracellular vesicles isolated from mouse embryonic fi broblasts have been found to accelerate wound healing in diabetes.The fi ndings obtained from this experimental study indicate that EV isolated from mouse embryonic fi broblasts accelerate the wound healing process in experimentally induced-diabetes in mice.

The present study aimed to investigate phenolic acid composition, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Stachys pumila extract (SPE) against CCl4‐induced acute hepatotoxicity. Pretreatment of rats with SPE significantly (P < 0.01) ameliorated both the increased levels of ALT, AST, OSI, MDA and the decreased activities of SOD and CAT, as compared to CCl4‐control group. Histological and biochemical examinations revealed that SPE was more potent than reference drug silymarin in protecting the liver from toxic injury of CCl4 and preserving the hepatocyte ultrastructure. The phenolic acid profile of the methanol extract was determined quantitatively by HPLC/DAD. Ferulic acid was found as the predominant phenolic acid among the analyzed phenolic acids. SPE exerted high antioxidant effect according to in vitro antioxidant activity tests. Taken together, these results suggest that SPE could be a candidate as promising therapeutic agent for treating oxidative stress‐related hepatic injury and other diseases. Practical Applications Recently, there has been a tremendous surge of interest in medicinal plants because of their high efficacy, safety and cost effectiveness. Among the identified medicinal plants, only a small percentage has been phytochemically investigated and submitted to pharmacological screening. Thus, more research is needed to discover the bioactive chemical components that are responsible for the claimed medicinal effects of the herbs. As a prominent local medicinal plant, Stachys pumila has been widely used against gastrointestinal disorders even though there is no scientific proof of its effectiveness. This study is the first to reveal the hepatoprotective activity of S. pumila against hepatotoxicity and to identify its phytochemicals. The results of the present study show that S. pumila extract protects the liver better than the reference drug silymarin against CCl4 induced hepatic injury. S. pumila could offer a novel alternative to the limited therapeutic options that exist for the treatment of liver diseases.

Objective: Kindling is an animal model of epilepsy induced by electrical stimulation of the brain. The present study aimed to present a different perspective with a bibliometric approach by using the literature data on the “Kindling model” related keywords in the Web of Science (WoS) online database between 1980 and 2023. Methods: The bibliometric data were obtained from the online database WoS and analyzed and visualized with the VoS Viewer Program. The bibliometric datasets were analyzed and visualized regarding article productivity numbers according to years, article productivity numbers according to countries, the most used keywords according to authors, and cross-country cooperation. Result: Considering the results of the analysis of the published datasets, 2022 was determined as the year with the highest article productivity, and an acceleration was observed in the publication increase rate on the subject in general. When the order of the countries in the top three in the number of article productivity was examined, the USA, Germany, and Japan are the main countries, respectively. The most used keywords by the authors were determined as “Epilepsy”, “Kindling”, and “Hippocampus”. In the cooperation among countries, it was found that the USA, Germany, and Japan had more cooperation with other countries, respectively. Conclusıon: This study will contribute to the literature by providing a detailed understanding of the research basis, relevant research results, current research boundaries and main research focus in the Kindling Model.

BACKGROUND:This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of tacrolimus (FK506), an immunosuppressive agent, on secondary brain damage in rats with experimental head trauma.METHODS: 40 Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 10-12 weeks and weighing 250-350 g, were used without gender selection. The subjects that were divided into five groups of 8 rats per group (sham control, negative control, positive control, vehicle control, and treatment) were sacrificed 1 month after head trauma was induced under appropriate conditions, their brains were then removed en bloc and evaluated histopathologically. Secondary brain injury was evaluated with the immunoreactive score (IRS) after Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein staining of gliosis that would occur in brain tissue. RESULTS:The evaluation of the histopathological IRS values of all groups showed significant statistical differences between all groups. The pairwise group comparison revealed the highest increase in IRS value in the treatment group (p<0.05), with no statistical significance despite the increase in the negative control, positive control, and vehicle control groups. The sham group had the lowest rate of severe histopathological reaction score. CONCLUSION:It was observed that the group treated with FK506 had a statistically significant increase in gliosis in the traumatic area compared to the other control groups. This shows that FK506 cannot prevent and even increase gliosis by a mechanism that has not yet been clarified. In conclusion, it is obvious that the FK506 immunosuppressive agent does not reduce post-traumatic brain injury; on the contrary, it increases gliosis.