The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of EC (electric conductivity) levels of nutrient solution on the growth and yield of tomatoes under the hydroponic system. This research was conducted in a plastic house on the experimental farm of Lampung University, Lampung in Indonesia from April to July 2009. The EC treatments to nutrient solutions were S1 (1 dSm-1), S2 (2 dSm-1), S3 (3 dSm-1), S4 (4 dSm-1), and S5 (5 dSm-1) arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that the highest yield was under S3 (120.8 g/plant), followed by S2 (96.6 g/plant), S1 (89.7 g/plant), S4 (88.4 g/plant), and S5 (75.5 g/plant). The yields of tomato responded to EC levels of nutrient solution in the two ranges of lower and higher EC than 3 dSm-1. The yield increased as EC of nutrient solution increased from 0 to 3 dSm-1 probably, due to increase of nutrients. On the other hand, the yield decreased as the EC of nutrient solution increased from 3 to 5 dSm-1 probably, due to increase of water stress. So, it can be concluded that the salinity threshold of the tomatoes was 3 dSm-1. On the other hand, the highest SSC (soluble solid content) was recorded under S5 (7.34 brix), followed by S4 (6.93 brix), S3 (6.44 brix), S2 (6.26 brix), and S1 (6.11 brix). It means that the S5 treatment was the best quality. Among the range of treatments, treatment S3 (3 dSm-1) gave the highest yield, but lower SSC than S4 (4 dmS-1) and S5 (5 dSm-1).
Sprinkler irrigation is one of the most efficient and effective effective irrigation. However, on-site application of sprinkler irrigation systems has encountered many obstacles, including the initial investment and operational costs. This study aimed to design a sprinkler irrigation system which saves the initial investment cost and simple in operation and ABSTRAKSalah satu teknologi yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas penggunaan air irigasi adalah irigasi sprinkler. Namun dalam penerapan sistem irigasi sprinkler di lapangan masih dijumpai banyak kendala, diantaranya adalah memerlukan biaya investasi awal dan operasional yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang irigasi sprinkler portable yang mudah dipindahkan (portable) dan penggunaannya pada budidaya tanaman pakchoy, khususnya pada luas lahan pertanian yang kecil dan terpisah-pisah (0,10 -0,30 ha) dan terpisah-pisah tanpa adanya sarana irigasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penentuan panjang dan diameter pipa berdasarkan analisa hidrolika perpipaan, baik pipa lateral, manifold dan utama; perhitungan debit sprinkler menggunakan metode volumetrik; dan penentuan keseragaman irigasi menggunakan metode Christiansen. Sistem irigasi sprinkler portable yang telah dikembangkan memiliki spesifikasi: nozzle head sprinkler jenis Sprinkler Impact Plactic dengan ukuran nozzle 4 mm, tinggi total stick riser 1,3 meter dengan diameter ¾", pipa lateral elastis dengan diameter 2" dan panjang 50 meter, pipa sub-main (manifold) dan pipa utama sebesar 2". Adapun pompa yang digunakan memiliki total head 55 meter dengan tenaga penggerak 5,5 HP, serta selang hisap 2". Sistem irigasi sprinkler ini dapat beroperasi pada tekanan operasi 1 sampai dengan 4 bar untuk spasi sprinkler dan lateral 10 m x 10 m. Debit sprinkler pada tekanan 1 bar adalah 0,12 l/s. Nilai keseragaman irigasi yang dihasilkan pada tekanan 1 bar sebesar 80%. Untuk memperoleh nilai keseragaman irigasi lebih dari 85%, maka disarankan penggunaan tekanan operasi minimal 2 bar.Kata kunci: desain sprinkler, hidrolika, irigasi sprinkler, keseragaman irigasi, teknologi
Mayoritas petani di Desa Marga Agung menggunakan air hujan sebagai sumber air untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air tanaman. Pada musim kemarau, petani tidak dapat melakukan aktivitas budidaya tanaman karena terbatasnya sumber air. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi dan efesiensi pemakaian air irigasi yang tepat guna yaitu dengan menggunakan irigasi sprinkler. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja dan aplikasi portable sprinkler pada budidaya tanaman pakcoy (Brassica juncea L.). Hasil menunjukkan laju infiltrasi tanah (52 mm/jam) di lokasi penelitian lebih besar dibandingkan laju aplikasi sprinkler sebesar (6.49 mm/jam), sehingga pada saat dilakukan penyiraman tidak terjadi aliran permukaan (run off). Nilai koefisien keseragaman/coeficient uniformity (CU) sebesar 53.13%. Rendahnya nilai koefisien keseragaman yang diperoleh disebabkan karena penggunaan metode single nozzle head sprinkler dan tingginya kecepatan angin yang terjadi di lokasi penelitian sebesar 0.66 m/det. Hasil produksi tanaman pakcoy sebesar 1.7 kg/m 2 dengan berat per tanaman 70 gram/tanaman. Kata kunci : irigasi portable sprinkler, tanaman pakcoy, pompa.
Pineapple is one of the potential plantation industries in Lampung ABSTRAKNanas merupakan salah satu industri tanaman potensial di Provinsi Lampung. Namun kendala yang sering dihadapi dalam pemberian air irigasi adalah bagaimana cara atau metode pemberian air irigasi yang baik dalam usaha memenuhi kebutuhan air tanaman agar produksi tanaman nanas yang dihasilkan tinggi dan berkualitas baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dan evaluasi tingkat ketelitian perhitungan jumlah kebutuhan air tanaman nanas dengan menggunakan Model CROPWAT. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2006 sampai dengan Januari 2007 bertempat di Perkebunan Nanas, Terbanggi Besar, Lampung Tengah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga metode pemberian air irigasi dan enam ulangan, yaitu: pemberian air irigasi berdasarkan Model CROPWAT, pemberian air irigasi berdasarkan metode perkebunan nanas (Kontrol), dan pemberian air irigasi dengan Metode Panci Evaporasi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis sidik ragamnya dengan menggunakan uji F dan dilanjutan dengan uji beda nyata terkecil (BNT) pada taraf 5% dan 1%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebutuhan air harian (ETc) tanaman nanas pada bulan Oktober sampai dengan Desember, frekeunsi pemberian air 10 hari sekali untuk Model CROPWAT sebesar 1,25, 1,16, dan 1,07 mm/hari secara berurutan. Sedangkan kebutuhan air dengan Metode PT. GGP sebesar 1,20 mm/hari, dan Metode Panci Evaporasi sebesar 1,13, 1,02, dan 0,9 mm/hari. Kebutuhan air bagi tanaman tercukupi dan tidak dalam kondisi tercekam. Perbandian kebutuhan air irigasi dari ketiga metode menunjukkan bahwa perhitungan kebutuhan air irigasi dengan Model CROPWAT lebih rendah 4,3% dan Metode Panci 16,4% dari kontrol. Trend rata-rata selisih pertumbuhan tanaman pada masing parameter pertumbuhan nanas untuk metode dengan Model CROPWAT cenderung lebih baik. Kata Kunci: model CROPWAT, nanas, irigasi, kebutuhan air tanaman.
Continuous monitoring of canopy photosynthetic rates in a naturally ventilated greenhouse requires a method of measuring ventilation rates that can record accurate short-term responses throughout the day. It is necessary to clarify the difference between the accuracy and operability of ventilation rate methods. This study evaluated the diurnal-change of ventilation rate measured by the heat balance (HB) and water vapor balance (WVB) methods in the summer and early autumn seasons and compared two methods with the tracer gas (TG) method as a reference. The ventilation rate was determined in a single-span type experimental greenhouse with mature-stage tomato crops under different ventilator configurations to assess the accuracy of the above two methods. The ventilation rates measured via the HB and WVB methods were slightly lower than that measured by the TG method in the greenhouse without crops. However, the ventilation rates obtained using both methods exhibited similar variation trends with time. It is difficult to maintain high concentrations of TG in a greenhouse with a large ventilation opening area. However, it was easy to continuously measure the ventilation rate even in such a greenhouse using the HB and WVB methods. Practically, the WVB system is simpler than the HB method, which utilizes numerous sensors.
Monitoring photosynthesis is a fundamental process to improve the yield and quality of plants in a greenhouse. The CO2 balance method is often employed to predict the photosynthetic rate of plants. We reviewed the essential parameters for predicting photosynthetic rates of plants canopy in greenhouses using the CO2 balance method. Even in a naturally ventilated greenhouse, ventilation rate is an essential parameter for the CO2 balance method, but it must be measured in real time as it fluctuates with weather conditions. We studied three types of ventilation rates (the tracer gas, heat balance, and water vapor balance methods). Comparing the measuring techniques of ventilation rate provided us an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each method. This knowledge can guide us to choosing the best method based on accuracy, device usage, practicality, and the installation budget. Most researchers have measured and controlled CO2 concentrations in a greenhouse using an infrared gas analyzer and predicted the ventilation rates using the tracer gas method. This method is suitable for the measurement of low and closed ventilation. The estimated ventilation rate by the heat balance method is recommended for large ventilation openings. The water vapor balance method is sufficient for measuring the ventilation rate when there is a large quantity of water vapor due to plant transpiration. The reliability of this method depends on the accuracy of short-term transpiration measurements. Improved water vapor balance techniques can benefit various greenhouse applications with different ventilator configurations, owing to the flexibility and ease of use compared to those of other methods.
Dry hydroponic is an emerging system and gaining popularity among some hydroponic businesses, yet investigation on its performance has not been reported. Purpose of this research is to evaluate and compare performance of dry hydroponic system to floating and wick systems on green leafy lettuce cultivation. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial arrangement. Two factors, hydroponic systems and aerator usages, were implemented. The hydroponic systems included Dry, Wick and Floating systems, while the use of aerator were with and without aerators. All treatment combinations consisted of 3 replicates. Parameters to be observed were nutrient solution parameters (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, water consumption), plant parameters (height, stem diameter, leaf width, number of leaves, leaf thickness, and canopy area, shoot fresh weight, water content, some chemical contents). Data sets were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by a least significant Difference (LSD) test at level of 5%. Results showed that the interaction between the hydroponic system and the use of aerators were not significantly different for all parameters observed. The hydroponic systems were not significantly different too. The use of aerator was significant for the nutrient solution parameters (pH and Dissolved Oxygen), water content, and phosphorus contents of leaves. In conclusion, Dry Hydroponic System has the same performances as compared to floating and wick systems.
The ventilation rate is an essential parameter for the continuous monitoring of the photosynthetic rate for greenhousecultivated plants via the CO 2 balance method. Diurnal changes in the ventilation rate (G) according to window aperture (W) and solar radiation level were therefore measured using the heat balance (HB) and water vapor balance (WVB) methods during winter and spring in a naturally ventilated greenhouse cultivating tomatoes. The results were indirectly compared with those of the tracer gas (TG) method. The G obtained through both methods increased with increasing W. However, when W increased rapidly, the increase in G was delayed when using the HB method compared to the WVB method. The G obtained via the WVB method performed similarly to the TG method at small values of W, and similarly to the HB method at moderate values of W. Furthermore, when measured using the HB method, the value in G was sensitive to the change in solar radiation level. Meanwhile, the G measured using the WVB method exhibited a stable response to the changes in W and could permit continuous real-time monitoring of greenhouse ventilation rates, which is necessary to estimate the photosynthetic rate for the plants in a greenhouse.
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