In recent years, mathematical modelling has known an overwhelming integration in different scientific fields. In general, modelling is used to obtain new insights and achieve more quantitative and qualitative information about systems by programming language, manipulating matrices, creating algorithms and tracing functions and data. Researchers have been inspired by these techniques to explore several methods to solve many problems with high precision. In this direction, simulation and modelling have been employed for the development of sensitive and selective detection tools in different fields including environmental control. Emerging pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals and pharmaceuticals are contaminating water resources, thus threatening wildlife. As a consequence, various biosensors using modelling have been reported in the literature for efficient environmental monitoring. In this review paper, the recent biosensors inspired by modelling and applied for environmental monitoring will be overviewed. Moreover, the level of success and the analytical performances of each modelling-biosensor will be discussed. Finally, current challenges in this field will be highlighted.
Cadmium (Cd2+) is one of the most toxic heavy metals causing serious health problems; thus, designing accurate analytical methods for monitoring such pollutants is highly urgent. Herein, we report a label-free electrochemical aptasensor for cadmium detection in water. For this, a nanocomposite combining the advantages of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and chitosan (Cs) was constructed and used as immobilization support for the cadmium aptamer. First, the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with CNTs-CS. Then, AuNPs were deposited on CNTs-CS/GCE using chrono-amperometry. Finally, the immobilization of the amino-modified Cd-aptamer was achieved via glutaraldehyde cross-linking. The different synthesis steps of the AuNPs/CNTs/CS nano assembly were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed for cadmium determination. The proposed biosensor exhibited excellent performances for cadmium detection at a low applied potential (−0.5 V) with a high sensitivity (1.2 KΩ·M−1), a detection limit of 0.02 pM and a wide linear range (10−13–10−4 M). Moreover, the aptasensor showed a good selectivity against the interfering ions: Pb2+; Hg2+ and Zn2+. Our electrochemical biosensor provides a simple and sensitive approach for Cd2+ detection in aqueous solutions, with promising applications in the monitoring of trace amounts of heavy metals in real samples.
Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter playing an important role in different biological functions including central nervous, renal, cardiovascular, and hormonal systems. The sensitive and selective detection of this neurotransmitter plays a key role in the early diagnosis of various diseases related to abnormal levels of dopamine. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore rapid, simple, and accurate methods for detection of dopamine with high sensitivity and speci city. We propose in this work, a uorescent aptasensor based on graphene oxide (GO) as a quencher, for the rapid determination of dopamine. The principle of this aptasensor is based on uorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), where GO was used as energy donor, and a carboxy uorescein (FAM)-labeled aptamer as acceptor. In the absence of DA, FAM-aptamer was adsorbed on the surface of GO through π-π stacking interactions between nucleotide bases and the carbon network, leading to a weak FRET and a quenching of the FAM uorescence. However, by adding the target, the aptamer undergoes a conformational change to bind to DA with high a nity, resulting in a uorescence recovery. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the uorescence recovery was linearly proportional to the concentration of DA in the range of 3-1680 nM, with a limit of detection of 0.031 nM. Moreover, the developed assay exhibited minor response in the presence of various interferents and it revealed a satisfactory applicability in human serum samples.
Despite barrier measures and physical distancing tailored by the populations worldwide, coronavirus continues to spread causing severe health and social-economic problems. Therefore, researchers are focusing on developing efficient detection and therapeutic platforms for SARS-CoV2. In this context, various biotechnologies, based on novel molecules targeting the virus with high specificity and affinity, have been described. In parallel, new approaches exploring nanotechnology have been proposed for enhancing treatments and diagnosis. We discuss in the first part of this review paper, the different biosensing and rapid tests based on antibodies, nucleic acids and peptide probes described since the beginning of the pandemic. Furthermore, given their numerous advantages, the contribution of nanotechnologies is also highlighted.
The detection of hydrogen peroxide is of great importance in the environmental field. For this, a homogeneous technique has been developed here for sensitive and rapid quantification of hydrogen peroxide. In this technique, hemoglobin was used as a bioreceptor, where heme groups acted as electroactive centers to catalyze hydrogen peroxide reduction. The chemiluminescence reagent luminol is also a peroxidase substrate and can be oxidized by hemoglobin—thus generating a CL signal. The principle of the designed biosensor was based on the competition between hydrogen peroxide and luminol towards hemoglobin. Under optimized conditions, the chemiluminescent signal decreased with increasing hemoglobin concentrations within the linear range of 0.5 to 12 mM, with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.99762. The limit of detection was calculated to be as low as 0.308 mM. The selectivity of the biosensor was successfully demonstrated against different interferents. The developed strategy provides a one step, simple, and low-cost bioanalytical method which can be applied for the monitoring of other peroxidase substrates.
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