Signaling by lymphotoxin (LT) and TNF is essential for the organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues in systemic and mucosal compartments. In this study, we demonstrated that the progeny of mice treated with fusion protein of LTβR and IgGFc (LTβR-Ig) or LTβR-Ig plus TNFR55-Ig (double Ig) showed significantly increased numbers of isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) in the large intestine. Interestingly, double Ig treatment accelerated the maturation of large intestinal ILF. Three-week-old progeny of double Ig-treated mice showed increased numbers of ILF in the large intestine, but not in the small intestine. Furthermore, alteration of intestinal microflora by feeding of antibiotic water did not affect the increased numbers of ILF in the large intestine of double Ig-treated mice. Most interestingly, mice that developed numerous ILF also had increased levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and numbers of IgA-expressing cells in the lamina propria of the large intestine. Taken together, these results suggest that ILF formation in the large intestine is accelerated by blockage of LTβR and TNFR55 signals in utero, and ILF, like colonic patches, might play a role in the induction of IgA response in the large intestine.

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efficiency (EQE) values of the devices have increased from 0.12% to 3.8% for green emission and to 5.7% for red emission. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Recently, bulk film-based perovskite LEDs have been reported to reach high EQEs of 8.53% for green emission and 11.7% for near-infrared emission; however, the issues of long-term device stability and photoluminescence (PL)/electroluminescence (EL) blinking emission should be resolved before the commercial application of these materials can be realized. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Fortunately, CsPbX 3 perovskite nanocrystals exhibit lower levels of PL blinking and greater device stability compared to bulk film-based perovskite. For these reasons, they hold great potential in LED applications despite their low device efficiency. [29,30] In previous reports related to colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs), the use of nonuniform CdSe (ZnS) nanocrystal QD film has led to imbalanced charge injections and low luminance efficiency of QD-based LEDs. [31] Stan et al. dispersed nanocrystal QDs within a polymer matrix of polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), [32] with the nanocrystal QD:polymer composite film showing a uniform morphology with excellent properties, such as good electrical and optical properties, robust chemical resistance, good thermal stability and easy processability, leading to improved stability and performance of devices. [33][34][35][36] Much effort has been made to obtain uniform nanocrystal QD film using an adequate deposition method, such as drop-casting, dip-or spray-coating, the Langmuir-Blodgett method, and the doctor-blade method. These deposition methods can be used to obtain highly uniform nanocrystal film, thus increasing device performance levels. [37][38][39][40] Recently, Pan et al. reported a high efficiency CsPbBr 3 -based PeNLED with an EQE of 3.0% for green emission using a ligand exchange process to passivate CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals. [41] The passivation of the CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals through the ligand exchange also exhibited stable amplified spontaneous emission. [42] These reports demonstrate that the ligand exchange method in nanocrystals can enhance the performance and stability of perovskite nanocrystal-based optoelectronic devices through the passivation of the perovskite nanocrystals.Here, we successfully fabricate efficient CsPbBr 3 -based PeNLEDs using a monolayered CsPbBr 3 nanocrystal film with All-inorganic perovskite nanocrystal materials exhibit excellent light-emitting properties in the visible range with narrow-band emissions, relatively high stability levels, and high photoluminescence quantum efficiency. A uniform morphology of perovskite nanocrystal film is necessary to realize highly efficient light-emitting devices, but the morphology of CsPbX 3 nanocrystal films has not been intensively studied. Here, a novel method is presented to obtain uniform and stable CsPbBr 3 nanocrystal film through a drop-casting method with a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The introduction of CsPbB...

The sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter 2b (NPT2b) plays an important role in maintaining phosphate homeostasis. In previous studies, we have shown that high dietary inorganic phosphate (Pi) consumption in mice stimulated lung tumorigenesis and increased NPT2b expression. NPT2b has also been found to be highly expressed in human lung cancer tissues. The association of high expression of NPT2b in the lung with poor prognosis in oncogenic lung diseases prompted us to test whether knockdown of NPT2b may regulate lung cancer growth. To address this issue, aerosols that contained small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against NPT2b (siNPT2b) were delivered into the lungs of K-ras LA1 mice, which constitute a murine model reflecting human lung cancer. Our results clearly showed that repeated aerosol delivery of siNPT2b successfully suppressed lung cancer growth and decreased cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis, while facilitating apoptosis. These results strongly suggest that NPT2b plays a role lung tumorigenesis and represents a novel target for lung cancer therapy.

Background The Korean model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score-based liver allocation system was started in June 2016 in Korea. Methods This study analyzed the detailed allocation results of deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) during the first 2 years after the MELD score-based liver allocation system implementation at a high-volume liver transplantation (LT) center in Korea. Results This study included 174 patients with age above 12 years. The patient ABO blood groups were A (n=65, 37.4%), B (n=51, 29.3%), O (n=28, 16.1%), and AB (n=30, 17.2%). The LT types were primary LT in 141 patients (81.0%) and retransplantation in 33 (19.0%). The Korean Network for Organ Sharing status categories at LT were as follows: status 1 (n=11, 6.3%), status 2 (n=82, 47.1%), status 3 (n=63, 36.2%), and status 4 (n=18, 10.3%). The mean MELD score at LT and waiting period were 36.6±4.6 and 62.1±98.2 days in blood group A; 37.6±3.6 and 25.7±38.1 days in blood group B; 38.8±2.7 and 26.0±30.5 days in blood group O; and 34.8±5.5 and 68.4±110.5 days in blood group AB (P<0.001 and P=0.012), respectively. Patients with blood group O and AB had the highest and lowest mean MELD scores at LT allocation, respectively. Conclusions Serious deceased organ donor shortage resulted in very high MELD score cutoffs for DDLT allocation. Additionally, a significant inequality was observed in the possibility for DDLT according to blood group compatibility. Nationwide follow-up studies are necessary to precisely determine the allocation status of DDLT.