Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas penangkapan tuna, beberapa tahun terakhir ini nelayan dan pengusaha menggunakan alat bantu rumpon laut dalam sebagai alat pengumpul ikan dilakukan penangkapan. Penggunaan rumpon berkembang sangat pesat sehingga timbul permasalahan baik terkait dengan kelestarian sumberdaya tuna dan konflik sosial ekonomi di kalangan nelayan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui isue permasalahan terkait rumpon saat ini dan bagaimana solusi pengelolaannya sehingga penggunaan rumpon tidak mempengaruhi keberlanjutan perikanan tuna. Data dan informasi utama yang digunakan dalam kajian ini berasal dari hasil penelitian di lapangan dan diskusi melalui workshop dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Tipe rumpon laut dalam yang digunakan di perairan Indonesia adalah rumpon berjangkar, yang dipasang menetap terhubung dengan dasar perairan, menggunakan jangkar atau pemberat dari beton dihubungkan dengan tali-temali ke pelampung (pontoon, gabus, rakit), yang dilengkapi dengan bahan pemikat ikan dari daun kelapa atau nipah. Beberapa jenis alat tangkap yang dioperasikan di sekitar rumpon antara lain pukat cincin, pancing ulur, pancing tonda, huhate, dan jaring insang. Hasil kajian resiko menunjukkan jenis alat tangkap yang sesuai dioperasikan di sekitar rumpon adalah pancing ulur dan pancing tonda. Pukat cincin memiliki resiko tertinggi karena banyak menangkap jenis ikan tuna yang berukuran kecil khususnya yellowfin dan bigeye tuna sebagai hasil tangkapan sampingan. Jenis alat tangkap pancing ulur lapisan dalam sangat sesuai kriteria ramah lingkungan untuk menangkap tuna di sekitar rumpon. Beberapa isu permasalahan muncul setelah rumpon berkembang di nelayan antara lain jumlah rumpon sulit diketahui, banyak ikan tuna berukuran kecil tertangkap sebagai hasil tangkapan sampingan dan perubahan tingkah laku ikan karena adanya “perangkap ekologi”. Beberapa rekomendasi kegiatan yang perlu dilakukan antara lain: perlu adanya penertiban pemasangan rumpon dengan melakukan pendaftaran ulang rumpon yang terpasang, jarak pemasangan rumpon harus mengacu pada jarak terdekat antar rumpon yang telah ditetapkan yaitu minimal 10 nautical mile, pemasangan rumpon sebaiknya tidak dilakukan di wilayah perairan perbatasan antar negara.During recent years fishers were intensively use deep sea FADs in their tuna fishery to attract tunas in their fishing operation for increasing its productivity. The used of FADs has rapidly developed and now starting to deem not only the sustainability of tuna resources but also triger socio economic frictions among fishers. The purpose of this study to find problem issues related to the current status of FAD and how the solution of the good management for impact on the sustainability of tuna fisheries around FAD. Main data and information are used in this study from in the field observation and result of workshop and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). A type of deep sea FADs deployed in Indonesian waters are moored or anchored FADs which occupy a fixed location and attach to the sea bottom using a weight such as an anchored or concrete block, which connected by long ropes to the floating object (Poonton, stereofoam or raft) that compliment with coconut or nipah leaves as fish lure. Several types of fishing gears operated arround FADs are purse seine, deep hand line, troll line, pole and line, and gill net. Risk assessment analysis showed that suitable gears for FADs fishing were deep sea hand line (dHL) and troll line. Purse siene was a gear with high risk score due to its operation not only caught small size of yellow fin and big eye tuna but also many by-catches. Several issues were raised after recent massive deployment of FADs among fishers concerning on numbers and license of FADs, high number on catches of juvenile tuna as by-catches. Furthermore FADS also believe has affect to the changes of tuna behaviour as highly migratory species which been ecologically trapped by FADs. This study provides current FADs management at national and regional level and some recommendations could be considered to ensure the sustainability of tuna utilization, as following: for the compliance using FAD need to re-regrestration for deployed FAD, fishermen should compliance for deploying FAD with minimum distance is 10 nautical miles among FAD as mentioned in regulation, suggested not deploy FAD in border area waters, deep hand line (dHL) is suggested as suitable fishing gear for catching tuna around FAD.
The use of anchored fish aggregating devices (a-FADs) in the Indonesia-Indian Ocean has increased rapidly. Since 2004, the Government of Indonesia has issued various FAD related fisheries regulations; however, its implementation was difficult, largely due to the lack of such information. As an endeavor to improve the management of tuna fisheries associated with FADs in this area, an Indonesia–Australia research collaboration project conducted a port sampling program from November 2013 to December 2015 in three key fishing ports in the western Indonesia, i.e., Pelabuhanratu (West Jawa), Muara Padang (West Sumatera), and Bungus (West Sumatera). Data were collected through daily enumeration and interviews with skippers, which consisted of catch, trip duration, biological data, and number of FADs visited. These data were analyzed to estimate catch rate, success rate, and length frequency distribution. The success rate of hand line/trolling line (HL/TR) at Muara Padang showed much lower than that at Pelabuhanratu. This may be due to more a-FADs or higher density in the Padang region, competing with purse seine (PS) boats operating in the same area, than those in the Pelabuhanratu region. The species composition caught by HL/TR and PS associated a-FADs in Indonesian FMA 572 and 573 include skipjack (SKJ, Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (YFT, Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (BET, T. obesus). A large proportion of the SKJ, YFT and BET caught at both Indonesian FMA 572 and 573 were juvenile fish, below the reported length at maturity (Lm) for those species.
Kendari fishing port is one of the biggest tuna fisheries landing in Indonesia. It yearly average tuna production was more than 20 thousand tons. The tuna fishing fleet in Kendari use FAD (Fish Aggregating Devices) as an auxiliary fishing gear. FAD management is major issues in Indonesian tuna fisheries. extensive investment on FAD has led to increase of the juvenile and by catch and also social problem because of the competition. Technical efficiency analysis was done during this study, 2015 catch and logistic data from Kendari fishing port was run using stochastic frontier to obtain the model. Mean value technical efficiency was 0.534. Purse seine the highest mean value compared to other fishing gear. All the variables input show positive relationship to the catch except the days at sea variables, this is a signal that the increasing number of FAD has made the fisherman spend more time at sea it will decrease the technical efficiency. The results support the need of FAD regulation done by the government of Indonesia. Regulation will keep the number of FAD at optimum level and increase the technical effieciency so the fisheries keep gaining the optimum benefit from the resources.
Backgrounds: Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. has been known to have anti-HIV activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of incubation time on the antiviral activity of the J. gendarussa leaves extract on HIV-infected MT-4 cells in vitro. Molecular docking test was also conducted to determine the interaction of alkaloids and flavonoids on the J. gendarussa leaves against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase receptor. It is expected that this research will provide scientific information on the development of J. gendarussa leaves as an anti-HIV drug. Materials and Methods: In the activity test, the effect of incubation time on the antiviral activity of J. gendarussa leaves on HIV-infected MT-4 cells were evaluated. During the activity test, a parameter of cytolysis effect inhibition on MT-4 cell line was observed after 4 days and 6 days incubation period. The molecular docking test is performed by using Molegro Virtual Docker software to determine the interaction of alkaloid and flavonoid compounds of J. gendarussa leaves with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase receptor. Results: The incubation time influences the CC 50 and EC 50 value. Fractionated-70% ethanol extract of J. gendarussa leaves showed a higher anti-HIV activity with EC 50 = 3.045 x 10-9 μg/mL, SI = 6.309 x 10 12 (4 days of incubation) and EC 50 = 6.066 μg/mL, SI = 58494.845 (6 days of incubation). From molecular docking test, it was found that flavonoid of J. gendarussa leaves could inhibit the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. Conclusion: Fractionated-70% ethanol extract of J. gendarussa has potential as an anti-HIV.
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