Indonesia is undergoing major policy changes, seeking to expand social forestry designations from less than 1% (1.1 million hectares) to over 10% (12.7 million hectares) of the Forest Estate. Expanding designations is at once a landmark reform and a call for caution, raising questions about policy intentions, and practical concerns about legal, technical, and implementation mechanisms. Social forestry literature highlights three key tenets, namely efforts that: confer rights to local communities, support livelihoods, and achieve conservation outcomes. This paper examines social forestry implementation from a cross-section of sites in South Sulawesi by reflecting on sustained action research between 2012-2016. The approach critically juxtaposes social forestry policy intent with implementation at three different sites. Findings indicate social forestry implementation suffers from historically problematic state enclosures and flawed land administration processes, entrenched politicaleconomic interests among local actors, and lack of institutional engagement beyond the permitting process. Shortcuts to addressing entrenched conflict will only heighten tensions or further marginalize the most vulnerable, without guarantees to conservation outcomes.
Sistem pembayaran uang elektronik (e-payment) adalah metode alat pembayaran nontunai yang disimpan di dalam server based (e-wallet) atau chip based (e-money). Dengan tujuan, dapat mempermudah penguna saat melakukan transaksi pembayaran atau transfer. Saat ini di Indonesia penguna e-wallet masih lebih kecil dibandingkan pengguna e-money, dikarenakan metode penggunaan e-money dianggap lebih mudah dan fleksibel. Beragamnya metode transaksi pembayaran serta fitur transfer yang hanya ke sesama pengguna e-wallet, membuat e-money lebih digemari masyarakat Indonesia. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut maka dari itu perlunya Electronic Data Capture yang dapat memberikan pilihan bagi pengguna untuk bertransaksi menggunakan beberapa metode, yaitu menggunakan sidik jari, kartu rfid, atau aplikasi android.
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of implementing flipped classroom model on students’ speaking skills. This research used quantitative method, the number of the sample were 34 of senior high school students which was taken purposively by using quasi-experimental research with before and after design. The whole online flipped classroom model was carried out, since the limitation to hold the actual face-to-face meeting at school, which still allow the students to interact face-to-face with each other and the teacher virtually through a group chat and video conferencing to discuss the material given and practicing to use spoken English during the class sessions. Pre-class activity was held using a group chat by giving instruction to the students to study the material before the actual class session and during the class session the whole class were meet face-to-face through video conferencing. A speaking test was carried before and after the implementation of flipped classroom model to assess the students’ speaking performance. Among the experimental group, the result showed the fully online flipped classroom model not only engage them with the English material but also significantly improved their speaking performance. Furthermore, the students were become more confident to speak in English during the class session.
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