The failure of the centralized development is solved by replace it with decentralization. The main issue in decentralization is human resources development. In the past, economic development oriented in creating more productive human resources. But, this model failed in its contribution in the process of developing qualified human resources. A new paradigm of human resources development must consider human not only as a production factor but it has to see human from any other aspects. The characteristics of the new paradigm of human resources development, that there are human development and people centered development in the process of human resources development. But, the challenge is how to integrate the existence of religion in the development of the society.
Three different studies have discussed regulations ofthe assessment of user satisfaction levelswith terminal services. Based on the assumption that the terminal attributes derived from regulations are accurate, this study aims to analyze the content of the regulations, compare them, and analyzeterminal user satisfaction as assessed by previous studies. Content analysis of the literature is conducted. The results reveal that among the user satisfaction survey regulations from the Minister of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform Regulations of 16/2014 and 25/2004 and the service standard regulations from the Minister of Transportation Regulation of 40/2015, the most feasible regulation for the assessment of user satisfaction is the Minister of Transportation Regulation of 40/2015. This regulation does not regulate satisfaction assessment but can be used as a basis for assessments of user satisfaction with terminal services. All of the stipulated service standards can be classified as accurate terminal service attributes. Therefore, improvements can be made by including a requirement for satisfaction assessments. Through the incorporation of the service quality concept, such improvement could establish this regulation as a basis for reputable studies of satisfaction assessments. Another result reveals that the literature on the assessment of terminal user satisfaction based on the Minister of Transportation Regulation of 40/2015 reports that users are satisfiedwith the terminal attributes of reliability, convenience, affordability and equity, but they are unsatisfied with the attributes ofsafety and security. Thus,terminals should implement maximal regulation of service standards. Assurance of terminal securitycould increase user satisfaction.
Assuming the importance of road transport system to strengthen economy, the purpose of this study is developing the concept of Standardized Service Quality, measuring bus terminal performance and measuring the bus terminal willingness to pay and demand. The research methods are conversion from Service Standard to Service Quality, measuring bus terminal performance from the importance and satisfaction perceptions and measuring willingness to pay and demand of 300 Tirtonadi bus terminal users. The results show that the concept of Standardized Service Quality exists. User appreciate positively all of terminal attributes but need improvement of some of them. Another result is terminal user willingness to pay is dominated by low willingness to pay group and terminal user demand is dominated by the infrequent group. All of the results show that Standardized Service Quality for bus terminal matters but its improvement is needed so that terminal can attract higher level of users.
The objectives of this research are to analize factors that influence households demand for water from PDAM Kota Surakarta and to analize relationship between water from PDAM Kota Surakarta with distillate water. Employing double-log linier multiple regression it was found that households demand for water from PDAM Kota Surakarta was influenced by the price of water from PDAM Kota Surakarta, the price of distillate water, the households income and number of households family members. Also it was found that the relationship between water from PDAM Kota Surakarta with distillate water is substitution. The positive cross price elasticity indicated the substitution. The households income elasticity, the dominance of households income and the positive relation between number of households family members and households demand for water from PDAM Kota Surakarta, however, indicated the complementary relationship between water from PDAM with distillate water.
Besides frontiers and Data Enveloped Analysis approaches, a combination between the aggregate production function and technical efficiency can be performed using the Corrected Ordinary Least Square approach. Unfortunately, there are no studies in Indonesia that use this approach. This paper mainly studies how the Corrected Ordinary Least Square approach combines aggregate production function and technical efficiency. The methods are aggregate production function modeling, aggregate production function correcting, and technical efficiency measuring. The data are Gross Regional Domestic Product at a constant price, the number of workers, investment expenditure, education, and health data of Indonesian provinces from 2015 to 2020. There are three results. First, the Indonesian fixed effect panel data aggregate production function is the best model. In this model, Gross Regional Domestic Product at a constant price is influenced by the number of workers, investment expenditure, and human capital. Human capital consists of education and health level. Second, the deterministic frontier aggregate production function shifts the best-fixed effect model so that the constant becomes –15.36. Third, the Indonesian technical efficiency when no factors influence inefficiency is on average 0.9936. All the results indicate that human capital, aggregate production and technical efficiency combination, and the Corrected Ordinary Least Square approach are practical values.
Optimizing the land can increase the small farmer income. That is, as the classical economic scale of farming state: "bigger land, bigger production (and the income) ". According to this principle, Islamic economist argue that there is two Islamic model, first the land leasing and second unity of the ownership and cultivating of the land. Besides, the models are the alternative of the land reform model. But the second model, the unity is the best alternative both for increasing the income and land reform
Utilitarianism community utilizes individual sovereignty as the most preferable factor to promote economic. Religion(s) is one of others, when individual sovereignty can not promote economic. But to promote economic, religion(s) has to appropriate with individual sovereignty. From this view, Adam Smith argues religions and not one religion in the community to promote economic. Unfortunately it can come to conclude that religion(s) does not exist in the utilitarianism community.
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