Liberalisation challenges, such as those that arise with the establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and elimination of trade barriers, have led to competition among local and foreign manufacturers, requiring Malaysian manufacturing companies to achieve high productivity to address the emergence of new operations by increasing their industrial efficiency and performance. This article aims to measure the level of technical efficiency and analyse the factors that contribute to technical inefficiency in the Malaysian manufacturing industry in 2015. This study uses data from 8,653 firms based on the latest census (2015) obtained from the Statistics Department using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Based on the results, the companies' overall technical efficiency level was high at 0.812. For the determinants of technical efficiency, it was found that ratio of medium to high level of education, company size, information and communication technology spending, training expenses and wage rates showed a positive relationship with technical inefficiencies. The manufacturing industry needs to focus on investing in human capital and scale economic achievement, and high technology production that will increase the technical efficiency level of companies and employees.
The purpose of this study is to measure the level of technical efficiency (TE) and to analyse the factors of technical inefficiency of electrical and electronic manufacturing industry in Malaysia in 2015. The determinants studied include capital-labour ratio, education level ratio, firm size, information technology, and communication expenses, training expenditure, wage rates, and research and development expenditure. This study uses data on 531 firms based on the latest census of 2015 obtained from the Department of Statistics, Malaysia using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach. Based on the results, the firm's overall TE level is high at 0.836. For the determinants of TE, it was found that firm size can reduce the inefficiencies of firm, while capital-labour ratios shows a positive relationship with technical inefficiencies in firms. The policy implication is that the electrical and electronic manufacturing industry needs to focus on scale economic achievement and high technology production in line with the competency level of employee and create more international industry technical cooperation.
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Typology is becoming increasingly significant as our planet urbanises. It promotes an environmentally sustainable development, eases mobility, increases real estate value, encourages healthy lifestyles with activities such as walking, and improves neighbourhood through place-making by making it safer. In short, TOD Typology makes a city worth staying in. Although there are a number of studies available, TOD which primarily focuses on developing countries is still undiscovered. This research paper aims to identify the TOD indicators and the mechanism of inter-modal stations to integrate various modes of transport in Bandar Penggaram, Batu Pahat. The method used in this research was mixed method using a survey, observation, and document review to obtain accurate data. A survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 370 respondents. The observation was carried out by assessing using a checklist in the research area. Meanwhile, the document review was conducted based on the document obtained from Majlis Perbandaran Batu Pahat (MPBP). Through the data analysis of the checklist assessment and document review regarding the identification of TOD indicators and mechanism of intermodal station via the SPSS software, the results indicated that density, land use, walkability and cyclability, access and accessibility, interchange stations and system integration are deemed suitable and have a great potential to improve the development of TOD typologies. These elements are useful and provide benefits to passengers or users, pedestrians, and cyclists. This paper would be beneficial as it provides a new insight and guidance for the government and the authorities to improve current practices and also for future research to conduct similar studies related to TOD typology.
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