Free radical production from different biological and environmental sources is due to an imbalance of natural antioxidants, which further leads to inflammation. Antioxidant metabolites are often characterized by anti-inflammatory and anticoagulation activity. Mangrove plants synthesize different classes of metabolites, including antioxidants, to minimize the devastating effect of oxidation resulting from the elevated salinity, UV, and other unique geochemical components. Accordingly, this study aimed at investigating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation properties, as well as polyphenol content of the two selected mangrove plant species: Aegiceras corniculatum and Acanthus ilicifolius. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay (BCB), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) to determine antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of A. corniculatum bark and leaves and A. ilicifolius leaves. Furthermore, human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay, lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assay, and prothrombin time (PT) test were performed for determining anti-inflammatory activity of the samples. A. corniculatum bark is a potent antioxidant (IC50 20.49 ± 2.14 µg/mL in DPPH assay) with anti-inflammatory (IC50 23.58 ± 1.75 µg/mL in LOX inhibition assay) and anticoagulation activity (18.19 ± 0.13 min in prothrombin time assay) compared to other extracts. All extracts were found with significant (P<0.001) antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation properties. Further studies on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation are recommended.
Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota is thought to play a key role in causing type 2 diabetes, yet is not fully understood, especially at the strain level. Here, we used long-read DNA sequencing technology of 16S-ITS-23S rRNA genes for high-resolution characterization of gut microbiota in the development of type 2 diabetes. Gut microbiota composition was characterized from fecal DNA from 47 participants divided into 4 cohorts based on glycemic control: normal glycemic control (healthy; n = 21), reversed prediabetes (prediabetes/healthy; n = 8), prediabetes (n = 8), or type 2 diabetes (n = 10). A total of 46 taxa were found to be possibly related to progression from healthy state to type 2 diabetes. Bacteroides coprophilus DSM 18228, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum DSM 20438, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 could confer resistance to glucose intolerance. On the other hand, Odoribacter laneus YIT 12061 may be pathogenic as it was found to be more abundant in type 2 diabetes participants than other cohorts. This research increases our understanding of the structural modulation of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and highlights gut microbiota strains, with the potential for targeted opportunistic pathogen control or consideration for probiotic prophylaxis and treatment.
Background: Mangrove plants, often possessing a unique collection of metabolites, have extensively been used for the primary healthcare of coastal residents. Objectives: To determine the safety level and enrich the scientific data, the present study aimed to investigate the toxicity of Avicennia officinalis and Excoecaria agallocha. Methods: Ethanolic leaf and stem extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality assay. The obtained extracts were administered to Swiss albino in a single dose (200, 400, 800, 1600, & 3200 mg/kg body weight) by oral-gavage for acute toxicity assay. Furthermore, systematic observation was performed by close monitoring for any toxic manifestations and mortality after dosing for the first 4 h, at 24 h and twice daily for 6 days. Evaluating the adverse effects were estimated by comparing the test groups with the controls. After sacrificing all group animals, relative organ weight was measured and histopathological analysis was conducted. Results: Having Lethal Concentration (LC50) of 44.66 µg/mL, E. agallocha leaf was found with the highest toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii. The toxicological study data demonstrated no death and noticeable change in behavioral patterns in the test mice groups, compared with the control group. Moreover, no significant (P>0.05) differences were found in body weight and relative organ weights, compared to the controls. The histological structures of the liver in the treated mice displayed regular tissue configurations similar to the control group. Conclusion: In this study, the mice model exhibited no harmful effects; thus, the reported results indicated that the ethanolic extracts of leaf and stem of these two mangrove plants are safe for therapeutic use. Further long-term toxicological impact of the extracts should be determined for well-founded confirmation.
The aspiring prospect for bioactive metabolites has guided this very study to screen for antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of leaf, and bark extracts of Sundarbans mangrove plant, Sarcolobus globosus that might lead to novel drug, agrochemicals and neutraceuticals. Methanolic bark extract of S. globosus revealed the highest antioxidant properties among all the extracts in DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50:26.04 µg/ml), reducing efficiency (EC50:77.72 µg/ml), total phenolic content (47.25 ± 0.002mg GAE/g of extract), total flavonoid content (101 ± 0.003 mg GAE/g of extract) and total tannin content (93.5 ± 0.007 mg GAE/g of extract). Free radical scavenging activity and reducing power are significantly correlated with total phenol, flavonoid and tannin content. For evaluation of antibacterial activity, Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus sp.) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas sp., and Proteus sp.) were used in disc diffusion bioassay. Both extracts possessed significant (P < 0.05) inhibition competency against most of the bacteria. Test for cytotoxic activity was carried out by means of brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the chloroformic bark extract demonstrated greater cytotoxicity (LC5019.487 µg/ml) than standard vincristine sulphate (LC50 26.68 µg/ml). Further exploration is required focusing especially the bark extract that could be utilized as source and template for the synthesis of new potential pharma and agrochemicals. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 476–482, 2019
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