No abstract

The dramatic increase in using pesticides worldwide is aimed to improve agricultural growth productivity to increase food supply (Sekhon, 2014). Different types of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) can lead to ecological imbalance (Glusczak et al., 2011) and negative or even toxic effects, especially on the aquatic environment (Rossi et al., 2011) since it is the final destination of these pesticides through soil erosion and rainfall (Larras et al., 2013) as well as direct application (Annett et al., 2014). Serious adverse effects on human may result from the contamination of aquatic organisms with organic pollutants, including agricultural pesticides (Stara et al., 2013).

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of prolonged intake of resveratrol on lipid metabolism, liver enzymes and L-malondialdehyde(L-MDA) in obesity-induced in female rats by feeding high fat diet. Ninety female albino rats were divided into six equal groups of 15 rats each. Group Ι: rats fed normal control diet all over the periods of experiment (for 12 weeks). Group II: rats fed the control normal diet and administered resveratrol orally (0.1 mg/kg b.wt., orally) for 6 weeks. Group III: rats received the control normal diet and received resveratrol once daily (0.5 mg/kg b.wt., orally) for 6 weeks. Group IV: rats fed high fat diet (HFD) and received no drugs all over the periods of experiment (for 12 weeks). Group V: rats received HFD and administered resveratrol (0.1 mg/kg b.wt./day, orally) for 6 weeks. Group VI: rats fed HFD and administered resveratrol (0.5 mg/kg b.wt./day, orally). Blood samples were collected from all rats at 2, 4 and 6 weeks from the onset of resveratrol administration for determination of serum total cholesterol(TC), Triacylglycerols (TAG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and erythrocyte L-malondialdehyde (L-MDA).The obtained results showed, significant elevation of serum TC, TAG, LDL-c, VLDL-c, ALP,AST, ALT, L-MDA in obese rats as compared to rats fed normal control diet. While administration of resveratrol to HFD-fed rats tended to improve hepatic oxidative stress and dyslipidemia through improving total cholesterol and triacylglycerols and liver markers enzyme activities. These results suggest that, resveratrol is effective in improving the obesity and its associated many important complications such as diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease and liver disease.

The water-borne herbicides are involved in the toxicity of aquatic animals resulting in impaired health status and low productivity. Dietary medicinal herbs present a practical solution to relieve the impacts of herbicides toxicity on the performances of aquatic animals. Herein, we investigated the toxicity of commercial glyphosate-induced oxidative stress, immunosuppression, liver and kidney dysfunction, and the protective role of ginger or ginger nanoparticles in Nile tilapia. Fish were allocated into four groups: the first group presented the control without glyphosate toxicity and ginger feeding, the second group intoxicated with glyphosate at 0.6 mg/L and fed ginger free diet, the third group intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger at 2.5 g/kg, and the fourth group intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles at 2.5 g/kg. Fish were kept under the experimental conditions for four weeks, and the samples of blood and tissues were collected after 2 and 4 weeks. Markedly, fish exposed to glyphosate showed the highest ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and malondialdehyde levels (MDA) in gills and tissues. While fish in the control and fish intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles had the lowest ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and MDA levels after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). Fish fed dietary ginger had lower ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and MDA levels than the glyphosate intoxicated group after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). Interestingly, fish-fed ginger nanoparticles showed lower urea and creatinine levels and higher total protein, albumin, and globulin than the glyphosate intoxicated group (P < 0.05) and similar to the control (P > 0.05). Further, fish intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles had the highest GSH, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin levels after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). In conclusion, ginger nanoparticles are superior to the standard ginger form in enhancing the antioxidative and immune responses of Nile tilapia exposed to glyphosate.