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In this stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) method, 16 pesticides were extracted from surface water samples by sorption onto 1 mm polydimethylsiloxane layer coated on a 10-mm-length stir bar magnet. After liquid desorption of the analytes with 1 ml of methanol, the detection was performed on a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer using selected reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization. Parameters affecting SBSE operation, including sample volume, salt addition, extraction time, stirring rate, and desorption conditions, have been evaluated. The optimized SBSE method required two 50 ml aliquots of surface water samples, one aliquot was added of 30% NaCl and stirred at 900 rpm during 1 h for testing five pesticides with log K(o/w) < 3, and the other aliquot was directly extracted following the same procedure for the rest of the pesticides with log K(o/w) > 3. The method was validated in spiked surface water samples at limits of quantifications (LOQs) and ten times the LOQs showing recoveries <62%, and the LOQs reached were from 0.03 microg l(-1) for diazinon to 3 microg l(-1) for simazine. The proposed methodology was applied to the determination of these compounds in samples from Albufera Lake and surrounding channels, showing that SBSE is a powerful tool for routine control analysis of pesticide residues in surface water.

Extracts rich in bioactive compounds added to edible films have allowed the development of active packaging that increases the shelf life of food. However, it is necessary to search for solvents that are nontoxic and not harmful to the environment, with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) being an attractive and easily synthesized alternative. This research aimed to design NADES by lyophilization to be used in the extraction of anthocyanins from the Chilean Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray berry, and subsequently adding them to the matrix of edible ƙ-carrageenan films. For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used and the anthocyanin content was evaluated with the pH differential method. The antioxidant capacity of extracts was determined by DPPH assay and the antibacterial capacity by diffusion agar tests. The results obtained indicate that the designed NADES are efficient at extracting anthocyanins, reaching concentrations between 81.1 and 327.6 mg eq cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g dw of L. chequen (Molina) A. Gray. The extracts reached inhibition diameters between 5 and 34 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi strains. Once the extracts were incorporated into ƙ-carrageenan films, active edible films with antioxidant and antibacterial capacities were obtained.

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Propolis has been proposed as a polyphenolic-rich natural product potentially able to be used for human consumption or even for medicinal proposes. To guarantee a minimum phenolic and flavonoid content and as consequence of their related-biological activities, international requirements of propolis quality are commonly applied. In this work we assessed phenolic and flavonoid contents of propolis; the antioxidant capacity (toward peroxyl radicals and hypochlorous acid); the ability to generate nitric oxide (NO); and, finally the antimicrobial activity of 6 propolis samples from the VI region of Chile. Our results show that the total phenolic and flavonoid content of propolis samples are not always in agreement with their polyphenolic-associated in vitro activities. For example, P03 and P06 samples showed the lowest (25 ± 4 GAE/g propolis) and the highest (105 ± 3 GAE/g propolis) total phenolic content, respectively. This was in agreement with flavonoid content and their Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) activity. However, this dependence was not observed toward HOCl, NO release and antimicrobial activity. Based on our results, we consider that, in order to guarantee the antioxidant or antimicrobial in vitro effects, the international regulations of propolis quality should contemplate the convenience of incorporating other simple analytical test such as ORAC or antimicrobial tests.

Monofloral Ulmo honey is a very appreciated product in the international market but more information is needed in order to support their health properties. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of monofloral Ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia) honey samples were determined. The samples contained between 176 and 208 mg gallic acid eq (GAE)/100 g for total phenolic content (TPC) and 43-90 mg Quercetin eq/100 g for total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant activity ranged between 91 and 152 mM eq Trolox/g and 28-49 mM eq Trolox/g for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. All phenolic extracts from honey samples inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by plate assays. The chromatographic profile showed that Ulmo honey contained the polyphenolic gallic, caffeic, and coumaric acids, the flavonoids pinocembrin, chrysin, quercetin, luteolin and apigenin, and abscisic acid. Compuestos bioactivos y propiedades antibacterianas de la miel monofloral de Ulmo RESUMEN La miel monofloral de Ulmo es un producto muy apreciado en el mercado internacional, pero se necesita más información para respaldar sus propiedades saludables. Se determinaron los contenidos fenólicos y flavonoides totales, la capacidad antioxidante y la actividad antibacteriana de muestras de miel monofloral de Ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia). Las muestras contenían entre 176-208 mg eq de ácido gálico (GAE)/100 g para el contenido fenólico total (TPC) y 43-90 mg eq de quercetina/100 g para el contenido total de flavonoides (TFC). La capacidad antioxidante osciló entre 91-152 mM eq Trolox/g y 28-49 mM eq Trolox/g, para los ensayos de DPPH y ABTS, respectivamente. Todos los extractos fenólicos de muestras de miel de ulmo inhibieron Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli mediante ensayos en placa. El perfil cromatográfico mostró que la miel de ulmo contenía como compuestos bioactivos los ácidos, gálico, cafeico y cumárico, los flavonoides pinocembrina, crisina, quercetina, luteolina y apigenina, y ácido abscísico.

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