Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Incorporation in Edible Films

Abstract

Extracts rich in bioactive compounds added to edible films have allowed the development of active packaging that increases the shelf life of food. However, it is necessary to search for solvents that are nontoxic and not harmful to the environment, with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) being an attractive and easily synthesized alternative. This research aimed to design NADES by lyophilization to be used in the extraction of anthocyanins from the Chilean Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray berry, and subsequently adding them to the matrix of edible ƙ-carrageenan films. For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used and the anthocyanin content was evaluated with the pH differential method. The antioxidant capacity of extracts was determined by DPPH assay and the antibacterial capacity by diffusion agar tests. The results obtained indicate that the designed NADES are efficient at extracting anthocyanins, reaching concentrations between 81.1 and 327.6 mg eq cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g dw of L. chequen (Molina) A. Gray. The extracts reached inhibition diameters between 5 and 34 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi strains. Once the extracts were incorporated into ƙ-carrageenan films, active edible films with antioxidant and antibacterial capacities were obtained.

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Bioactive Steroidal Saponins from Dioscoreae Nipponicae Rhizoma

“…The availability, low cost, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness of the components makes the NADESs versatile alternatives to conventional organic solvents [18]. Recently, several studied have used NADESs for extraction and separation of different types of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids from various plant materials [19][20][21]. Nonetheless, the number of reports on the application of NADESs for the extraction of bioactive compounds is still limited, and the efficiency of NADESs on extraction of bioactive steroidal saponins from DNR still remains unknown.…”

The use of ultrasound in the South Cone region. Advances in organic and inorganic synthesis and in analytical methods

“… US was not the best extraction method [173] Anthocyanin L. chequen (Molina) A. Gray UAE ES: Glycerol-based NADES 25 mg of powdered lyophilized fruit ; 1 mL of solvents; sonicated (USB) 35 kHz for 60 min Increase extraction yield [174] Anthocyanins Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) and blackberry (Rubus glaucus) UAE ES: Methanol 250 g of fruit was obtained around 10 mL liquid, metanol 42 vol%, sonicated (UP) 20 kHz for 15 min Diminished extraction time. The cavitation bubbles created in the solvent penetrate the cells and accelerate the diffusion process.…”

Impact of Various Essential Oils and Plant Extracts on the Characterization of the Composite Seaweed Hydrocolloid and Gac Pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis) Edible Film

“…The results also showed that the films incorporating plant extracts generally had lower values of Hue angle, ranging from 82.77 ± 0.23 to 84.6 ± 0.25 (Table 2). This is due to the higher concentration of polymeric colour in plant extract-based films [55]. Water vapour permeability (WVP) reflects the capacity of moisture transmission, and therefore films' ability to prevent water loss during the preservation of coated products.…”