The development of gp120 targeted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug has improved antiretroviral therapies owing to its effects on attachment to target cells.

BackgroundThe emergence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) compromises the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART), resulting in treatment failure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Although more than a decade has passed since ART was introduced into Indonesia, information on TDR is limited. Here, a genotypic study of TDR among ART-naïve individuals was conducted in Surabaya, Indonesia.MethodHIV-1 seropositive participants were recruited from the communities of commercial sex workers and intravenous drug users as well as from the university teaching hospital in Surabaya. Protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes were sequenced in order to conduct HIV-1 subtyping and phylogenetic analysis and to detect TDR. TDR was defined as the presence of at least one surveillance drug resistance mutation on the WHO list or major drug resistance mutations in the International AIDS Society-USA panel.ResultFifty two and 47 of the PR and RT genes, respectively, were successfully sequenced in the 58 samples. HIV-1 subtyping revealed that 86.3% (50/58) of the sequenced samples were classified as CRF01_AE, 8.6% as subtype B, 3.4% as B/CRF01_AE, and 1.7% as A/G/CRF01_AE. TDR of PR inhibitors was not detected in this study. In contrast, TDR of RT inhibitors was detected in 4.3% (2/47) of samples. In addition, minor drug resistance mutations were detected in 98.1% (51/52) and 12.8% (6/47) of PR and RT genes, respectively.ConclusionThis study clarified the predominance of the CRF01_AE strain in Surabaya, Indonesia. The prevalence of TDR was below 5%, indicating that the currently available first-line regimen is still effective in Surabaya. However, the prevalence might be underestimated since we detected only major population of HIV-1 in individuals. Therefore, continuous surveillance is required in order to detect the emergence of TDR in the early phase.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12981-015-0046-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Abstract. Wibisono FJ, Sumiarto B, Untari T, Effendi MH, Permatasari DA, Witaningrum AM. 2020. Short Communication: The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli on layer chicken farms in Blitar Area, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2667-2671. This study was aimed to determine the incidence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli on layer chicken in Blitar area. This was a cross-sectional study with a total of 205 cloacal swabs of layer chicken taken randomly. The sample was in isolation identification on MacConkey media and ESBL confirmation test produced by Escherichia coli was then carried out by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method and the VITEK® 2 Compact Automated System method. This study showed that 185 (90.24%) isolates of positive Escherichia coli from a total of 205 samples of cloacal swabs of the layer chicken. The incidence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in cloacal swabs on layer chicken with the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method and the VITEK® 2 compact automatic method was 13 (7.03%). Results in this study indicated that layer chicken has potential as reservoir for spreading ESBL to public health and needs strict hygienic measures to prevent their transmission to humans.

Kepulauan Riau is a famous tourist destination in Indonesia. The epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is gradually increasing in this region. We collected peripheral blood samples from 62 antiretroviral therapy-experienced individuals. The amplification of viral genomic fragments, HIV-1 subtyping, and the detection of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) were performed. Viral subtyping revealed that the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype/circulating recombinant form (CRF) was CRF01_AE (55.6%), followed by recombinants between CRF01_AE and subtype B (17.8%) and then subtype B (15.6%). Recombinants containing CRF02_AG gene fragments were also detected (11.1%). Regarding HIVDR, no drug resistance-associated major mutations were found in pol genes encoding protease, although minor mutations were frequently detected. Furthermore, major mutations, including M184V (2.2%) and Y188L (2.2%), were identified in the viral pol gene encoding reverse transcriptase derived from a study participant, suggesting that the prevalence of HIVDR is low in the region.

CRF01_AE was the major HIV-1 subtype prevalent in Maumere. The appearance of drug resistance-associated mutations found in the present study supports the necessity of monitoring the effectiveness of ART in Maumere.