Rice husk is one of the most abundant biomass wastes in Indonesia. One way to convert it into an alternative source of energy is biomass gasification. This is a thermochemical process which converts biomass feedstock into fuel gas or chemical feedstock gas (producer gas). The gasification type which is developed in this study is fixed bed downdraft type due to its low tar content and compatibility in microscale implementation. One major problem with the implemented biomass gasification reactor was ruggedness of the partial oxidation process due to the absence of air in the reactor's middle section, which consequently affected the pyrolysis zone. Several experiments were conducted previously using coconut shells and rice husks as solid feedstock, where an equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.4 was obtained. Therefore, in order to optimize the pyrolysis zone, the modification conducted involves adding a circular air intake into the gasifier. Experiments were conducted in a pyrolysis temperature range of 300-700 o C with ER variation of 0.19, 0.24, 0.27 and 0.31. The results show that a good quality producer gas is produced at an ER value of 0.24. This value shows a promising result because the ER value of biomass gasification standard is 0.25.
Indonesia has a large amount of energy consumption, domestically and industrially. Indonesia’s energy mix is still dominated by fossil fuels and coals, with the percentage of 35.64% and 50% respectively in 2020. This is caused by Indonesia’s rich supply of oil and coal, even though experts have predicted that these supplies will run out in 10 years ahead. One option to preserve Indonesia’s energy security is to start using renewable energy. Indonesia’s renewable energy potential is predicted to be around 443 GW of installed capacity, and already made renewable energy mix percentage target of 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 in their National Energy Plan. However, Indonesia’s renewable energy percentage in their 2020 national energy mix is only 14.71%. Therefore, to reach their national renewable energy target, Indonesia needs to solve their problems by finding the right actions and strategies in their energy management through stakeholders such as the government, public, and investors. This review will be made by using the literature based research method.
Hydrothermal treatment (HTT) is recognized as one of the promising thermochemical pretreatments for biomass energy. It provides a low energy requirement and an elimination of predrying. Furthermore, a water washing method for the treated biomass is employed. One of the most promising biofuel candidates is empty fruit bunch (EFB) due to the large yearly production in Indonesia. In this study, the quality of hydrochars derived from EFB was assessed for its quality as a solid fuel. Raw EFB is thermochemically treated by employing HTT, and its characteristics in regard to grindability are studied. The study suggested that commercial-scale HTT produces a solid fuel with a high heating value (HHV) with a value similar to Indonesian coal. In addition, it has lower ash content than the parent biomass, which reduces the probability of slagging and fouling in boilers. Furthermore, the particle size distribution profile suggested better characteristics than the parent biomass and some types of coal.
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