Coal calorific value is one of the main considerations for using coal as a power plant fuel. In addition, the requirements for indications of slagging and fouling are also important to maintain combustion efficiency. However, coal power plants often experience problems in boiler operations due to the use of certain types of coal, even though they have a relatively high calorific value. This research investigates the effect of coal blending on ash fouling and slagging in an experimental investigation using a drop tube furnace with or without additives. Five different types of coal from different locations have been used in this study. Pulverized low-rank coal samples are burned in a drop tube furnace at 1,175°C with probe temperatures of 550°C and 600°C, corresponding to the combustion chamber of 600 MW power plants, including superheater and reheater areas. The ash particles’ characteristics and material composition were also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. All coal mixture combinations demonstrated potential as a fuel for power plants that use pulverized coal-fired boilers. Because of its capacity to reduce slagging and fouling potentials, combining coal blending with the use of chemical additives yielded the greatest results.
Low-rank and medium-rank coal are dominant coal resources in Indonesia. Considering the decisive role of coal in coal-fired power plants, it is crucial to examine the combustion characteristics before burning coal in the boiler. This paper presents the effect of moisture content, heating value, and volatile matter on ignition temperature and burn out of five samples of low-rank coal and five samples of medium-rank coal using TG-DSC analysis which was carried out using LINSEIS High-Pressure STA at atmospheric pressure with an air rate of 25 ml/min and heating rate of 10 °C/min. The investigation results show that low-rank coal with the higher volatile matter has tremendous reactivity and is more flammable, and favours of burning through itself than medium-rank coal. Medium-rank coal has better combustion with short residence time because it has a lower burnout temperature (Tbo) value than low-rank coal. However, medium-rank coal burns more instantly because it has a lower temperature interval than low-rank coal. Medium-rank coal, which has fixed carbon and higher heating value, but lower moisture content, has a higher Rmax value than low-rank coal. In conjunction with these properties, it is crucial to examine the implementation in boilers.
The world is moving towards clean energy, especially since the Paris Agreement in 2016. Indonesia is no exception, which must reach 23% of its total energy mix usage from renewable energy sources by 2025, as stated in President Regulation No. 22/2017. Biomass as a renewable energy source can be used as a co-firing fuel for power plants based on its calorific value. This study discusses some of the most important characteristics needed in co-firing fuels, including slagging, fouling, and abrasion, using palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), rice husk (RH), and EFB-RH blended with the composition of 5%, 15%, 25%, and 35% on low-rank coal (LRC) and bituminous coal (BTC). The results showed that the addition of biomass on BTC has no significant effect on the slagging and fouling potential. Conversely, the addition of biomass to LRC significantly reduced the potential of slagging and fouling with the composition of up to 35% biomass which has EFB up to 20%. For blends with 75% of LRC and 25% of biomass blends, only biomass blends with 100% RH can be considered from the aspect of slagging and fouling risk. From potential abrasion characteristics, the addition of biomass on two types of coals did not show any problem for all compositions studied.
The problem of urban waste is one of the most complicated problems in Indonesia's big cities. Utilizing municipal waste into co-firing fuel is one way to reduce waste that accumulates and reduce global emissions. Before being used, the urban waste needs to be tested for characteristics to determine its content or its combustion characteristics. This study uses Indonesian low-rank and medium-rank coal and Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) biomass. This observation aims to decide the effect of coal-SRF blended on slagging and fouling in cofiring using a drop tube furnace (DTF). The results obtained are SRF blending up to 15% there is no slag attached. There is slight slag attached at the blending ratio of 20% and 25%, and there is a corroded part of the plate. It can happen because SRF has a high chlorine content. Overall, it shows that co-firing coal with SRF up to 25% is still safe on slagging and fouling.
Biodiesel has become favorable fuel for diesel fuel substitute to overcome the limited fossil fuel resources while facing the increasing of energy consumption. However, the use of FAME biodiesel is currently limited to mixing up to 30%. Therefore, it is necessary to consider other fuels as an alternative to diesel oil. One of them is by developing second generation biodiesel, which produced from the upgrading process of bio-oil as a result of pyrolysis. Bio-oil can be upgraded to fuel with range naphtha through two main processes that consists of hydro-processing and catalytic cracking. Techno-economic studies on bio-oil production from oil palm biomass have been studied but the techno-economic studies up to upgraded bio-oil have not included. Before a techno-economic study was carried out, it was necessary to select the process technology route of upgrading bio-oil. Therefore, it is required to conduct study of industry and the comparison of second generation biodiesel production technology from the upgrading of oil palm-based bio-oil to obtain an optimum process flow diagram. Process simulations were conducted using ChemCad software so that the mass balance and ratio of energy consumption was obtained. This work estimated the bio-fuel produced from palm residues collected from 19 units of a 60 tons hour -1 palm oil mill. The bio-oil input is 70.35 tons hours -1 with upgrading oil yield of 32.21%. Energy yield of this model is 35.7% while required 76.5 MMJ hour -1 of the energy. Energy required for this process can be provided by an integrated fuel upgrading facilities that connected with the palm bio-oil production plant could provide self-sustainable production facilities.
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