This article examines fundamental social rights in the era of globalization, focusing on the EU's strategy to promote respect for social rights in its external actions. A new feature of the Lisbon Treaty is the 'horizontal social clause' (Article 9 TFEU), stipulating that EU policies must take social requirements into account to ensure consistency between various policies and social objectives. This clause will be explored also in its external dimension, pursuant to Articles 2 and 3 of the Treaty. Finally, other social provisions of EU external action will be dealt with, including the promotion of International Labour Organization (ILO) labour standards in free trade agreements (such as the CARIFORUM), Corporate Social Responsibility and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), in particular the GSP Plus scheme.
The essay analyses the concept of employed worker in the light of the expansive trend of labour law. Two perspectives are investigated. The first concerns the revisiting of the concept of employed worker through the interpretation of jurisprudence. Comparative analysis demonstrates a tendency, not univocal but prevalent, of jurisprudence to broaden the notion of subordinate work, which manifests itself through purposive interpretation techniques. The other perspective is that of the creation of intermediate categories, such as that of ‘worker’ in the UK or that of ‘parasubordinato’ work in Italy, or even the notion of ‘economically dependent self-employment’ (Spain, Germany), to which selectively apply some protections of subordinate work. The current challenge of labour law is therefore to be able to respond to changes in the production reality, exemplified by work through a digital platform, to provide adequate protection for new forms of work and new ways in which subordination is expressed.
L'articolo intende indagare criticamente l'attuale assetto del Diritto del lavoro ancora focalizzato, da un punto di vista assiologico e regolativo, sulla predominanza della fattispecie del lavoro subordinato, laddove sarebbe il tempo di riconsiderare come tutto il lavoro rientri nel processo di produzione capitalistico. Superando la frattura esistente tra norma giuridica e realtà sociale, un'idea unitaria e al contempo pluralistica di lavoro può consentire una nuova politica del diritto e una diversa architettura regolativa, finalizzate alla costruzione di tutele sociali legate al lavoro personale a favore di altri, indipendentemente dal tipo negoziali e dalle forme con-trattuali impiegate, e a prescindere dalle categorie giuridiche della autonomia o subordinazione.
L'articolo analizza alcune delle principali novità del Trattato USMCA, collocandolo nel contesto della globalizzazione economica e delle tecniche di regolazione sociale che impiegano i la-bour standards dell'OIL e le clausole sociali nei Trattati commerciali internazionali, realizzando forme "atipiche" di extraterritorialità. Il Trattato USMCA si caratterizza per alcune impor-tanti innovazioni in materia: l'impegno delle parti a rispettare gli international core labour standards, il riconoscimento del diritto di sciopero, la possibilità di sanzionare direttamente le imprese responsabili delle violazioni dei diritti del lavoro, una procedura veloce di risoluzione delle controversie. Nel complesso il Trattato rilancia la capacità della clausola sociale come principale fattore di tutela dei diritti del lavoro in un contesto di globalizzazione economica.
The essay deals with the issue of freedom in labor law through dialogue with two currents of philosophical-political thought: neo-republicanism and the neo-Hegelian theory of social freedom. After the critique of neoliberal economic thought, labor law can draw on these two currents of political philosophy to consolidate, from an evolutionary point of view, its own value paradigm and to identify a new regulatory project that lives up to the challenge of neo-modernity. The ideas of freedom as non-domination and as social freedom, unlike the classical liberal concept of negative freedom, converge in the construction of social rights, such as codetermination, around which to found a new course of labor law.
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