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Kaolin was refluxed with HNO3, HCl, H3PO4, CH3COOH, and NaOH of 3M concentration at 110 °C for 4 hours followed by calcination at 550 °C for 2 hours. The physico-chemical characteristics of resulted leached kaolinite clay were studied by XRF, XRD, FTIR, TGA, DTA, SEM and N2 adsorption techniques. XRF and FTIR study indicate that acid treatment under reflux conditions lead to the removal of the octahedral Al3+ cations along with other impurities. XRD of acid treated clay shows that, the peak intensity was found to decrease. Extent of leaching of Al3+ ions is different for different acid/base treatment. The acid treatment increased the Si/Al ratio, surface area and pore volume of the clay. Thus, the treated kaolin clay can be used as promising adsorbent and catalyst supports. © 2013 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reserve

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Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of individual plastics such as polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), highdensity polyethylene (HDPE), and mixture of all three plastics (PP + LDPE + HDPE) were carried out in the presence of calcium bentonite as catalyst in a batch reactor to obtain suitable liquid fuel. The dependencies of process temperature, effect of catalyst, feed composition on yield of the fuel fraction were determined. The major product of both thermal and catalytic pyrolysis was condensable fraction in the temperature range 400-550 °C. The reaction rate, quality and quantity of the major products changed with change of temperature and catalyst concentration. The highest yield of pyrolysis liquid product was 88.5 wt% from PP, 82 wt% from LDPE, 82.5% from HDPE and 81 wt% from mixed plastics at 500 °C with 1:3 catalyst to plastic ratio. The oil obtained in this process was analyzed using FTIR and GC-MS for its composition. Fuel properties of the oil are evaluated to understand its uses as a fuel or chemical feedstock.

Cotton seed samples were subjected to pyrolysis in a batch reactor and the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the yield of bio oil, char, and volatile were studied. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in the temperature range of 350–600°C and yielded a maximum of 58.6 wt % liquid fraction along with noncondensible gas and char at 550°C. The bio oil was characterized using FTIR and GC‐MS for its composition. The physical properties were determined using standard methods to ensure its suitability as fuel or some valuable product. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 542–547, 2015