Low-pressure gas discharges of molecular radiators were studied for fluorescent lighting applications with a goal of reducing the energy loss due to the large Stokes shift in phosphors of conventional mercury-based fluorescent lamp technology. Indium halides (InCl, InBr, and InI) were chosen as the molecular radiators that generate ultraviolet to blue light emissions. The electrical characteristics and optical emission intensities were measured in discharges containing gaseous indium halides (InCl, InBr, and InI) as molecular radiators. The low-pressure discharges in indium halide vapor showed potential as a highly efficient gas discharge system for fluorescent lighting application.
This paper considers the players' behaviour in an asymmetric two-player contest. When do they decide to "struggle" and when to "subjugate"? Analysing contest-success functions it is found that two crucial prerequisites for "struggle" or "war" have to be met. Thus, such an equilibrium is possible but restrictive. If a self-interested rule-setter chooses the contest-success function endogenously we show that one player will always subjugate. Applications to rent-seeking and environmental regulation are discussed.
Abstract— Projection systems have found widespread use in conference rooms and other professional applications during the last decade and are now entering the home‐TV market with considerable pace. Projectors as small as about one liter are nowadays able to deliver a screen flux of several thousand lumens and are, with a system efficacy of more than 10 lm/W, the most‐efficient display system realized today. Because such highly efficient projectors employ microdisplays as light valves, short‐arc lamps are a key component in realizing these properties. The introduction of the UHP‐lamp system by Philips in 1995 can be identified as one of the key enablers for the commercial success of projection systems. The ultra‐high‐performance (UHP) lamp concept features outstanding arc luminance, a well‐suited spectrum, long life, and excellent flux maintenance. For the first time, it combines a very‐high‐pressure mercury‐discharge lamp having an extremely short and stable arc length with a regenerative chemical cycle that keeps the discharge walls free from blackening, leading to lifetimes of over 10,000 hours. In this review, the most important aspects of the UHP concept that enabled its success in the projection market are described, followed by a discussion of some recent additions to the UHP‐product portfolio.
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