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Recent interest in the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the power grid has raised concerns in synchronization of the various RES. Grid variables such as voltage, phase angle and frequency should be continuously monitored to guarantee correct operation and synchronization of power converters connected to the power grid. Numerous synchronization methods have been presented over the years to address issues such as unbalanced condition and frequency variation. This paper presents a review of past studies on synchronization methods for grid-connected converters together with their control and modeling techniques. Various estimation techniques for phase angle, frequency and harmonic are discussed and examined. Key challenges for a smart and efficient synchronization are briefly overviewed and possible future works are also recommended. A consolidated review is the particular focus of this paper, as is the provision of information on the best method for synchronizing grid-connected converters.

Tiny energy harvesting sensors that operate intermittently, without batteries, have become an increasingly appealing way to gather data in hard to reach places at low cost. Frequent power failures make forward progress, data preservation and consistency, and timely operation challenging. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art systems ask the programmer to solve these challenges, and have high memory overhead, lack critical programming features like pointers and recursion, and are only dimly aware of the passing of time and its effect on application quality. We present Time-sensitive Intermittent Computing System (TICS), a new platform for intermittent computing, which provides simple programming abstractions for handling the passing of time through intermittent failures, and uses this to make decisions about when data can be used or thrown away. Moreover, TICS provides predictable checkpoint sizes by keeping checkpoint and restore times small and reduces the cognitive burden of rewriting embedded code for intermittency without limiting expressibility or language functionality, enabling numerous existing embedded applications to run intermittently. CCS Concepts. • Computer systems organization → Embedded software; • Hardware → Emerging architectures; Impact on the environment; • Software and its engineering → Runtime environments; Source code generation.

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