The effect of different hydrocolloids viz. guar gum, sodium alginate, pectin, CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose), xanthan gum and gum acacia on the consistency index, serum loss and flow value of tomato ketchup during storage at 5 and 50 C was studied. All hydrocolloids increased consistency of tomato ketchup, however, guar gum and xanthan gum caused maximum increase followed by CMC, sodium alginate, gum acacia and pectin. The consistency of tomato ketchup decreased with the increase in storage duration and the decrease was more pronounced at 50 C as compared at 5 C. Both serum loss and flow value decreased with the addition of all the hydrocolloids and increased with the increase in storage duration and temperature. Xanthan gum and guar gum caused maximum decrease in serum loss and flow value whereas pectin caused the least. Regression analysis was also performed to compute models which can be used to predict the effect of each hydrocolloid on consistency index, serum loss and flow value of tomato ketchup during storage at different temperature. Guar gum followed by CMC and sodium alginate were observed to be the best thickener for tomato ketchup among hydrocolloids studied. *Corresponding

Inter-satellite communication is a revolutionary technique used to establish communication between satellites in space. One of the major challenges in inter-satellite link is transmitting pointing errors, which causes turbulences in the link. This work is focussed on successful transmission of 120 Gbps high-speed data over 1,000 km by adopting hybrid wavelength division multiplexing scheme and polarization interleaving scheme under the influence of transmitting pointing error.

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With the increase in the technology of networks and the internet, the need of the users also increases. The requirement of high bandwidth, high data transmission rate etc increases. To fulfill this need the concept of fiber optic was developed. Fiber optic communication is optical communication which is the combination of two communication methodologies and can be used for both wired and wireless communication systems. This form of communication is used by the users from many years but still it requires some advancements and developments to make it more refine. The conventional systems designed for RoF technology comprises of various drawbacks such as limited number of users, unwanted frequencies in the signals and quality of the system. This paper provides a brief to the concept of fiber communication and various modulation schemes along with this the developments that had been done in this work are also define in related work section.

AbstractsFuture 5 G networks can enhance their wireless capacity and speed by effectively using high-frequency millimetre waves. Radio over fibres (RoF) is the promising technology to deliver millimetre waves over optical fibres as it integrates radio domain with wireless domain. The current study employed cost-effective non-return to zero scheme to encode 10 Gbps – 60 GHz data and wavelength division multiplexing scheme to transmit four channels over 60 km optical fibre link.

Autonomous vehicles are regarded as future transport mechanisms that drive the vehicles without the need of drivers. The photonic-based radar technology is a promising candidate for delivering attractive applications to autonomous vehicles such as self-parking assistance, navigation, recognition of traffic environment, etc. Alternatively, microwave radars are not able to meet the demand of next-generation autonomous vehicles due to its limited bandwidth availability. Moreover, the performance of microwave radars is limited by atmospheric fluctuation which causes severe attenuation at higher frequencies. In this work, we have developed coherent-based frequency-modulated photonic radar to detect target locations with longer distance. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed photonic radar is investigated under the impact of various atmospheric weather conditions, particularly fog and rain. The reported results show the achievement of significant signal to noise ratio (SNR) and received power of reflected echoes from the target for the proposed photonic radar under the influence of bad weather conditions. Moreover, a conventional radar is designed to establish the effectiveness of the proposed photonic radar by considering similar parameters such as frequency and sweep time.

This work is focused on transmission of 10 Gbps data and 60 GHz millimeter signal over 60 km optical fiber for 5 G applications. 5 G networks generally use millimeter range of frequencies. Radio over fiber is revolutionary technology to transmit radio signals over optical fiber. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of non-return to zero (NRZ) and return to zero (RZ) encoding schemes is also done. The results are reported in terms of Q-factor, bit error rate and eye diagrams. The reported results show the successful transmission of high speed 10 Gbps data and 60 GHz millimeter signal over 60 km optical fiber.

Radio-over-fiber (RoF) is revolutionary technique to transmit radio signals over optical fiber. It can be also suitable to distribute wireless local area networks (WLANs) due to its low-cost implementation. WLANs generally operate on 5 GHz radio signals. Thus in this work, four high speed radio channels, each carrying 2.5 Gbps data and 5 GHz radio signal, are transmitted by incorporating alternate mark inversion (AMI) scheme and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) scheme over optical fiber having span of 50 km. The performance of proposed AMI-WDM-RoF transmission system is reported in terms of Q-factor, bit error rate, signal-to-noise ratio, total received power and eye diagrams.