Recent development in nanoscience and nanotechnology has contributed to the wide applications of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles in several field of sciences, research institutes and industries. Among all metal oxides, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) has gained more attention due to its distinctive properties and applications. The high cost of reagents, equipment and environmental hazards associated with the physical and chemical methods of synthesizing CuONPs has been a major setback. In order to puffer solution to the aforementioned challenges by reducing environmental pollution and production of cheaper nanoparticles with good properties and efficiency, this review focus on collection of comprehensive information from recent developments in the synthesis, characterization and applications from previous scientific findings on biological method of synthesizing CuONPs due to the acclaimed advantages of been cheap, environmentally friendly, convenient and possibility of been scale up in into large scale production reported by numerous researchers. Our finding also support the synthesis of CuONPs from plant sources due to relative abundance of plants for the production of reducing and stabilizing agents required for CuONPs synthesis, potential efficiency of plant biomolecules in enhancing the toxicity effect of CuONPs against microbes, prevention of environmental pollution due of nontoxic chemicals and degradation effectiveness of CuONPs synthesized from plant sources. Furthermore, this study provide useful information on the rapid synthesis of CuONPs with desired properties from plant extracts.

The need to divulge the rapid synthesis, non-hazardous, cost effectiveness and eco-friendly methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing plants is of great importance. This is as a result of high toxicity associated with the chemical method of synthesizing nanoparticles. The aim of this study was to investigate the potency of the synthesized gold nanoparticle against selected human pathogens. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by reacting 1 mM gold chloride solution with leaf extract of Annona muricata. The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized with UV-visible spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized gold nanoparticles were also investigated. The morphology, size, and structural properties of synthesized gold nanoparticles were determined with TEM analysis which showed spherical mono-dispersed structure with an average particle size of 25.5 nm. FTIR analysis reveal band at 3271.14, 2111.91 and 1637.82 cm −1 corresponding toN -H,-C=C, and-C-N functional groups that are responsible for the capping and stabilization of synthesized gold nanoparticles. The effectiveness of the gold nanoparticle against the test pathogens increases as the concentration of gold nanoparticle increases. The percentage of zones of inhibition of synthesized gold nanoparticle against test fungi and bacteria ranges from 30 to 66% and 40 to 54%, respectively. The potency of the synthesized gold nanoparticle against the selected fungi and bacteria increases with increase in concentration of gold nanoparticle. Therefore, the antibacterial and antifungal investigation revealed that the synthesized gold nanoparticles exhibited good antimicrobial activity.

Stellaria media Vill. is a representative of Caryophyllaceae family. The plant is widely dispersed all over the world and has been used as therapeutic substance since time immemorial. This review is aimed at exploring the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of S. media. The findings revealed important secondary metabolites such as flavonoid, oligosaccharide stellariose, anthraquinone derivatives, fatty acid, steroid saponins and phenolic compounds. These bioactive metabolites displayed diverse pharmacological activities such as antiobesity, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic and anxiolytic activities. All findings revealed that S. media is a major species of Caryophyllaceae family. However, bioactive constituents and pharmacological potential of are not well appraised. Hence, extracts with established pharmacological activities should be subjected to bioassay guided isolation so as to obtain compounds with novel structural moieties prior to toxicogenetic appraisals.

No abstract

The inhibiting activity of 3 sets of organic compounds ([2-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)sulfanyl]-N-octylacetamide (DSO), 2-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)sulfanyl]-N-decylacetamide (DSD) and 2-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)sulfanyl]-N-dodecylacetamide (DSDD)) were studied. The studied anti-corrosion compounds i.e. 2,3-dihydroxypropyl-sulfanyl derivatives were calculated using quantum chemical calculation and several descriptors (highest occupied molecular orbital energy (E HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (E LUMO) and chemical reactivity indices (global electrophilicity index (ω), chemical hardness (η), electronegativity (χ), local reactivity index, electron affinity and ionization potential) which described the anti-corrosion properties of the studied compounds were obtained. Fukui Indices for nucleophilic and electrophilic Attacks for inhibitors i.e. [2-[(2,3dihydroxypropyl)sulfanyl]-N-octylacetamide (DSO), 2-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)sulfanyl]-Ndecylacetamide (DSD) and 2-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)sulfanyl]-N-dodecylacetamide (DSDD) were observed and sites for nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks for DSO were C6 (0.047) and O3 (0.170); for DSD, the utmost value for was found on C6 (0.047), and the highest value for was located on C5 with 0.099 while the greatest value for was situated on C6 with 0.047 and the highest value for is found on C3 and C4 with 0.053 each for the DSDD molecule. The molecules used in this study was calculated using quantum chemical calculation and it was achieved using Spartan 14. More so, the QSAR study using multiple linear regression method was executed using Gretl 1.9.8. The selected descriptors among the entire calculated descriptors were used in the development of quantitative structural activity relationship (QSAR) model and the developed model replicated the observed %IE. The correlation coefficient (R 2) was calculated to be 0.926, cross validation (CV.R 2) was 0.963 and adjusted R 2 was 0.852. Also, E LUMO was the predominating parameter in the corrosion inhibition property of the studied compounds.

No abstract

This work used quantum chemical method via DFT to calculate molecular descriptors for the development of QSAR model to predict bioactivity (IC 50 -50% inhibition concentration) of the selected 1, 2, 3-triazole-pyrimidine derivatives against receptor (human gastric cancer cell line, MGC-803). The selected molecular parameters were obtained by B3LYP/6-31G**. QSAR model linked the molecular parameters of the studied compounds to their cytotoxicity and reproduced their observed bioactivities against MGC-803. The calculated IC 50 tailored the observed IC 50 and greater than standard compound, 5-fluorouracil, suggesting that the developed QSAR model reproduced the observed bioactivity. Statistical analyses (including R 2 , CV. R 2 and R 2 a gave 0.950, 0.970 and 0.844 respectively) revealed a very good fitness. Molecular docking studies revealed the hydrogen bonding with the amino acid residues in the binding site, as well as ligand conformations which are essential feature for ligandreceptor interactions. Therefore, the methods used in this study are veritable tools that can be employed in pharmacological and medicinal chemistry researches in designing better drugs with improve potency.

No abstract