Delfosse, P., Reddy, A. S., Legrève, A., Thirumala Devi, K., Abdurahman, M. D., Maraite, H., and Reddy, D. V. R. 2000. Serological methods for detection of Polymyxa graminis, an obligate root parasite and vector of plant viruses. Phytopathology 90:537-545.A purification procedure was developed to separate Polymyxa graminis resting spores from sorghum root materials. The spores were used as immunogen to produce a polyclonal antiserum. In a direct antigen coating enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC ELISA), the antiserum could detect one sporosorus per well of the ELISA plate. In spiked root samples, the procedure detected one sporosorus per mg of dried sorghum roots. The majority of isolates of P. graminis from Europe, North America, and India reacted strongly with the antiserum. Interestingly, P. graminis isolates from the state of Rajasthan (northern India), from Pakistan, and an isolate from Senegal (West Africa) reacted weakly with the antiserum. The cross-reactivity of the serum with P. betae isolates from Belgium and Turkey was about 40% of that observed for the homologous isolate. There was no reaction with common fungi infecting roots or with the obligate parasite Olpidium brassicae. However, two isolates of Spongospora subterranea gave an absorbance similar to that observed with the homologous antigen. The DAC ELISA procedure was successfully used to detect various stages in the life cycle of P. graminis and to detect infection that occurred under natural and controlled environments. A simple procedure to conjugate antibodies to fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC) is described. Resting spores could be detected in root sections by using FITC-labeled antibodies. The potential for application of the two serological techniques for studying the epidemiology of peanut clump disease and for the characterization of Polymyxa isolates from various geographical origins is discussed.Polymyxa spp. are soilborne, obligate intracellular parasites of roots, classified under the order Plasmodiophorales. Currently, two species, P. graminis Ledingham and P. betae Keskin, are recognized. They transmit at least 12 different plant viruses in the genera Benyvirus, Bymovirus, Furovirus, and Pecluvirus (1,30,32). Peanut clump virus (PCV) and Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) are members of the genus Pecluvirus (40) that affect the production of peanut and monocotyledonous crops in West Africa and in the Indian subcontinent (3,9,40,43). In the absence of cost-effective methods for the management of peanut clump disease (40), it was essential to study its epidemiology with emphasis on identification of the hosts for the virus and P. graminis and their influence on the perpetuation and spread of clump disease. Epidemiological studies on an obligate parasite such as Polymyxa spp. are comparatively difficult and time consuming, because its detection has traditionally relied on light microscopic inspection of roots. However, results from these studies are expected to aid in the formulation of costeffective cultural practices ...
The Indonesian government enforces online learning at all levels of education to prevent the spread of Covid-19. Changing learning patterns will affect the implementation of learning. This study aims to review the implementation of online learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic emergency in Indonesia. This research is a descriptive study. Data collection techniques is the study of literature by collecting various articles, books, and documents lai n its own topic of perception in learning online , learning applications used in online, and learning strategies online. The data collected is grouped and analyzed in order to get a conclusion. The online learning system can be implemented effectively. However, various challenges and unpreparedness in online learning remain. Applications that can be used in online learning include Rumah Belajar, Meja Kita, Icando, IndonesiaX, Google for education such as Google form, Google Meeting, and Google Classroom, Microsoff Office 365, Quipper School, Ruang Guru, Sekolahmu, Zenius, Cisco Webex, Whatsapp, Edmodo, Zoom, and Quizizz. The applications that are widely used are Whatsapp, Google Classroom, and Zoom. Online learning strategies can be done with creative and innovative learning methods, simple, and utilizing various learning applications.
In the world, mathematics education is one of the fields of study that occupies an important role in creating students who think logically, rational, critical and insightful. Therefore, mathematics is indispensable everyday life and a provision in the face progress of science and technology. This study aimed to assess the effect of the learning model CORE towards mathematics learning outcomes, especially those in the cognitive aspects-this research conducted at Junior High School 34 Pekanbaru with a quasi-experimental type of research. The study design uses a nonequivalent control group design with a sample of all students in class vii-1 (control class) and class vii-2 (experiment class). Data collection techniques using test techniques, observation techniques, and documentation techniques. While the data collection instruments used were a test sheet and observation sheet. Student learning outcomes tests were analyzed using descriptive statistical data analysis and inferential statistical data analysis. Results of data analysis descriptive study gained an average of learning outcomes posttest experimental classes (VII-2) = 83.70, and grade control (VII-1) = 68.02, whereas the results of t-test analysis showed that the experimental class (VII-2) is higher than the control classes (VII-1) seen from the values that t count (3,81) ˃ t table (68,02) with significance level α = 0,05. So it was concluded that the CORE model influences mathematics learning outcomes, especially on cognitive aspects.
Paper ini membahas tentang pengaruh pengauh parameter pengelasan busur listrik (shielded metal arc welding-SMAW) terhadap kekuatan pengujian tensile strength. Proses pengelasan shielded metal arc welding merupakan salah satu teknik penyambungan logam yang banyak digunakan. Pada proses pengelasan, beerapa variable yang harus diperhatikan adalah penggunaan kuat arus pengelasan, voltase/tegangan dan diameter filler yang digunakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekperimental dengan menggunakan material baja carbon rendah SPHC dengan ketebalan 3.0 mm yang digabungkan dengan matrial S30-C. Peneitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin las dengan input power 4.6 kVA. Hasil pengujian mengkonfirmasi bahwa nilai tensile strength tertinggi dicapai pada penyetingan parameter pengelasan kuat arus 135 A, tegangan/ voltase 8 volt dan diameter filler 3.2 mm didapatkan nilai tensile strength tertinggi yaitu 481.74 N/mm2. Sedangkan untuk nilai tensile strength terendah dicapai pada penyetingan pengelasan kuat arus 110 A, tegangan/ voltase 9 volt dan diameter filler 3.2 mm dengan nilai 232.21 N/mm2.
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