Hohhs. H. :I.. Kedd}. L). V. R.. Kajerhui~r~. K.. ;rnd Kedd!.. 11. S. 1087. l ' s c ~I ' d~r c c ! ;~~l~i g c n coating ilnd proteln A coaling EI.ISA procedures lor detection 01' tllree pcamtt \ i~u a e a. I'l;~nt Lliacasc 7 1 : 747-749. Direct antigcn coating (UAC') and prolein h coutlng (I' C') l o~r n~ oi ~nd~rcci c n~~r n e-l~~~h c d immunosorhent assay (T I IS.4) urrc starrdsrdi/ed .ind cornpi~rcd NIIII lltc douhlc-iit~tihod! handuich (1)AS)torm cti~~rect EL.ISA Sorthe~r usel~~lnea In ~hcdctect~c~n ol tllrer pcilnut ttruscr: peanu! mottle tirus (I'MVI. tonlato sported *ill tlrua (ISWV), s~l d lrldtatl pci~nttt C~U I I I~ tirub (IPCV). I'MV wiisdetectahlc in peanut secdr and pea t~\suc.nt a I. 10.000dilutton In huttc~ uith the DAC and a! a 1:1.000 dilut~on wilh the I'GC' proccdurcr. WIIII the I)AS procedure. I'M\' %;I* detectable in pea tissuc at a 1: 1.000 dilutior~ and in peanul seed at it I:lOO dilution 1 SH'V u;lr dctcctahle in peanut lea\cs;~t a I:I.000d1lution ~t t h the I)AC method and a[ I:100ui1l1 the l'A(' and D A S methods. II'C'V uas dctectahle In peanut leave\ at n 1:100tlilttt1on h! the I):\('. I'At'. ant1 [)AS methods. Senrititity ol' DAC' ;~nd I'AC' nlcthad\ &; I S. therefore, r't>~llp,~ri~hlc to !II;II ti1 rhc 1)ASprocedurc under ~hcshorr incuhi~t~on pcrlt)d (I 2 hrat .lS(')vondilto~~\cniployed III lhc experimenlb.
Drought is the major abiotic constraint affecting groundnut productivity and quality worldwide. Most breeding programmes in groundnut follow an empirical approach to drought resistance breeding, largely based on kernel yield and traits of local adaptation, resulting in slow progress. Recent advances in the use of easily measurable surrogates for complex physiological traits associated with drought tolerance encouraged breeders to integrate these in their selection schemes. However, there has been no direct comparison of the relative effi ciency of a physiological trait-based selection approach (Tr) vis-à-vis an empirical approach (E) to ascertain the benefi ts of the former. The genetic material used in the present study originated from three common crosses and one institute-specifi c cross from four collaborating institutes in India (total seven crosses). Each institute contributed six genotypes and each followed both the Tr and E selection approaches in each cross. The fi eld trial of all selections, consisting of 192 genotypes (96 each Tr and E selections), was grown in 2000/2001 in a 4 × 48 alpha design in 12 season × location environments in India. The selection effi ciency of Tr relative to E, RE Tr , was estimated using the genetic concept of response to selection. Based on all the 12 environments, the two selection methods performed more or less similarly (RE Tr = 1.045). When the 12 environments were grouped into rainy season and post-rainy season, the relative response to selection in Tr method was higher in the rainy than in the post-rainy season (RE Tr = 1.220 vs 0.657) due to a higher genetic variance, lower G × E, and high h 2 . When the 12 environments were classifi ed into four clusters based on plant extractable soil-water availability, the selection method Tr was superior to E in three of the four clusters (RE Tr = 1.495, 0.612, 1.308, and 1.144) due to an increase in genetic variance and h 2 under Tr in clustered environments. Although the crosses exhibited signifi cant differences for kernel yield, the two methods of selection did not interact signifi cantly with crosses. Both methods contributed more or less equally to the 10 highest-yielding selections (six for E and four for Tr). The six E selections had a higher kernel yield, higher transpiration (T), and nearly equal transpiration effi ciency (TE) and harvest index (HI) relative to four Tr selections. The yield advantage in E selections came largely from greater T, which would likely not be an advantage in water-defi cient environments. From the results of these multi-environment studies, it is evident that Tr method did not show a consistent superiority over E method of drought resistance breeding in producing a higher kernel yield in groundnut. Nonetheless, the integration of physiological traits (or their surrogates) in the selection scheme would be advantageous in selecting genotypes which are more effi cient water utilisers or partitioners of photosynthates into economic yield. New biotechnological tools are being explored to increas...
Summary Tobacco streak virus (TSV) recently caused an epidemic in peanut (= groundnut, Arachis hypogaea) crops in Andhra Pradesh, India. In the epidemic area TSV occurred in many widely distributed weeds of which Parthenium hysterophorus probably plays a major role in its spread by thrips. Three thrips species, Megalurothrips usitatus, Frankliniella schultzei and Scirtothrips dorsalis were vectors in the presence of infected pollen. Of crop species, Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Tagetes patula (marigold) could act as sources of inoculum. In limited tests, the virus was not seed‐transmitted in the peanut cultivar JL‐24 or in the sunflower hybrids KBSH‐41, ‐42, ‐44, and ‐50, MSFH‐17 and ZSH‐976. Strategies adopted to reduce the incidence of TSV are discussed.
11High concentrations of fluoride (up to 7.6 mg/L) are a recognized feature of the Wailapally 12 granitic aquifer of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The basement rocks provide 13 abundant sources of F in the form of amphibole, biotite, fluorite and apatite and whole-rock 14 concentrations of F in the aquifer are in the range 240-990 mg/kg. Calcretes from the shallow 15 weathered horizons also contain comparably high concentrations of F, in the range 635-16 950 mg/kg. The concentrations of water-soluble F in the granitic rocks and the calcretes are 17 usually low (1% of the total or less) but broadly correlate with the concentrations observed in 18 groundwaters in the local vicinity. The water-soluble fraction of calcretes is relatively high in 19 weathered calcretes compared to fresh samples. 20Groundwater major-ion composition shows a well-defined trend with flow downgradient in 21 the Wailapally aquifer, from Na-Ca-HCO 3 -dominated waters in the recharge area at the upper 22 part of the catchment, through to Na-Mg-HCO 3 and ultimately to Na-HCO 3 and Na-HCO 3 -Cl 23 types in the discharge area in the lowest part. The evolution occurs over a reach spanning 24 some 17 km. Groundwater chemistry evolves by silicate weathering reactions, although 25 groundwaters rapidly reach equilibrium with carbonate minerals, favouring precipitation of 26 calcite, and ultimately dolomite in the lower parts of the watershed. This precipitation is also 27 aided by evapotranspiration. Decreasing Ca activity downgradient leads to a dominance of 28 fluorite-undersaturated conditions and consequently to mobilisation of F. Despite the clear 29 downgradient evolution of major-ion chemistry, concentrations of F remain relatively uniform 30 in the fluorite-undersaturated groundwaters, most being in the range 3.0-7.6 mg/L. The rather 31 narrow range is attributed to a mechanism of co-precipitation with and/or adsorption to 32 calcrete in the lower sections of the aquifer. The model may find application in other high-F 33 groundwaters from granitic aquifers of semi-34 arid regions.3
A virus disease of peanut (groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L.), characterized by necrosis of the stem and terminal leaflets followed by death, caused severe crop losses in Andhra Pradesh, India during the rainy season of the year 2000. The disease was referred to as peanut stem necrosis disease (PSND). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata, cv. C-152) and Phaseolus vulgaris (cv. Topcrop) were found to be suitable for propagating the virus. In laboratory inoculation tests, the virus was found to infect a large number of plants. In laboratory tests, the virus was transmitted by the thrips Frankliniella schultzei. Virus particles were purified by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation from infected cowpea plants and were used to elicit the production of a rabbit polyclonal antiserum with high titer. Extracts of infected plants reacted with antiserum to Tobacco streak virus (TSV). Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins extracted from purified virus particles showed them to contain a major protein of 28 kDa and a minor, though prominent, protein of 57 kDa. Gel electrophoresis of RNA extracted from virus particles resolved it into four species with estimated sizes of 3.7, 3.1, 2.2, and 0.9 kb. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was made using as template a sample of the 2.2-kb RNA 3 and as primer an oligonucleotide complementary to sequence in RNA 3 of TSV. Following second strand synthesis, the cDNA was cloned in pBluescript and the nucleotide sequence was obtained for 868 nt of the cDNA. The sequence was 88.4% identical to the sequence in RNA 3 of TSV (strain WC). The results indicate that the causal agent of PSND is TSV. The same virus also was found to cause sunflower necrosis, an economically important disease in India. Studies on the epidemiology of PSND and the identification of virus-resistant peanut genotypes have been initiated to devise strategies to control PSND.
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