A disease of chickpea in India, characterised by chlorosis, severe stunting and phloem browning, was shown to be caused by a geminivirus. This virus was transmitted by the leafhopper Orosius orientalis from chickpea to chickpea and several other plant species. A method for purification of this virus was devised and a polyclonal antiserum produced. The majority of the purified particles were geminate. The size of the coat protein was shown to be 32 kD and the nucleic acid was shown to be circular ssDNA of 2900 nucleotides. By immunosorbent electron microscopy this virus was shown to be unrelated to the leafhoppertransmitted geminiviruses known to infect dicotyledons such as beet curly top, bean summer death and tobacco yellow dwarf viruses. On the basis of particle morphology, leafhopper transmission, host range and serology this virus was considered to be a new, hitherto undescribed, geminivirus and was named chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus.
Hohhs. H. :I.. Kedd}. L). V. R.. Kajerhui~r~. K.. ;rnd Kedd!.. 11. S. 1087. l ' s c ~I ' d~r c c ! ;~~l~i g c n coating ilnd proteln A coaling EI.ISA procedures lor detection 01' tllree pcamtt \ i~u a e a. I'l;~nt Lliacasc 7 1 : 747-749. Direct antigcn coating (UAC') and prolein h coutlng (I' C') l o~r n~ oi ~nd~rcci c n~~r n e-l~~~h c d immunosorhent assay (T I IS.4) urrc starrdsrdi/ed .ind cornpi~rcd NIIII lltc douhlc-iit~tihod! handuich (1)AS)torm cti~~rect EL.ISA Sorthe~r usel~~lnea In ~hcdctect~c~n ol tllrer pcilnut ttruscr: peanu! mottle tirus (I'MVI. tonlato sported *ill tlrua (ISWV), s~l d lrldtatl pci~nttt C~U I I I~ tirub (IPCV). I'MV wiisdetectahlc in peanut secdr and pea t~\suc.nt a I. 10.000dilutton In huttc~ uith the DAC and a! a 1:1.000 dilut~on wilh the I'GC' proccdurcr. WIIII the I)AS procedure. I'M\' %;I* detectable in pea tissuc at a 1: 1.000 dilutior~ and in peanul seed at it I:lOO dilution 1 SH'V u;lr dctcctahle in peanut lea\cs;~t a I:I.000d1lution ~t t h the I)AC method and a[ I:100ui1l1 the l'A(' and D A S methods. II'C'V uas dctectahle In peanut leave\ at n 1:100tlilttt1on h! the I):\('. I'At'. ant1 [)AS methods. Senrititity ol' DAC' ;~nd I'AC' nlcthad\ &; I S. therefore, r't>~llp,~ri~hlc to !II;II ti1 rhc 1)ASprocedurc under ~hcshorr incuhi~t~on pcrlt)d (I 2 hrat .lS(')vondilto~~\cniployed III lhc experimenlb.
The transmission characteristics of Pigeon pea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) to pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) by its eriophyid mite vector, Aceria cajani, were studied. Nonviruliferous A. cajani colonies were established on detached healthy leaflets of a PPSMV-immune pigeon pea cultivar floating on water. The transmission efficiency of single A. cajani was up to 53% but was 100% when >5 mites per plant were used. A. cajani acquired PPSMV after a minimum acquisition access period (AAP) of 15 min and inoculated virus after a minimum inoculation access period (IAP) of 90 min. No latent period was observed. Starvation of A. cajani prior to, or following, PPSMV acquisition reduced the minimum AAP and IAP periods to 10 min and 60 min, respectively, and mites retained virus for up to 13 h. None of the mites that developed from eggs taken from PPSMV-infected leaves transmitted the virus, indicating that it is not transmitted transovarially. Taken together, these data suggest a semipersistent mode of transmission of PPSMV by A. cajani.
Summary
Tobacco streak virus (TSV) recently caused an epidemic in peanut (= groundnut, Arachis hypogaea) crops in Andhra Pradesh, India. In the epidemic area TSV occurred in many widely distributed weeds of which Parthenium hysterophorus probably plays a major role in its spread by thrips. Three thrips species, Megalurothrips usitatus, Frankliniella schultzei and Scirtothrips dorsalis were vectors in the presence of infected pollen. Of crop species, Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Tagetes patula (marigold) could act as sources of inoculum. In limited tests, the virus was not seed‐transmitted in the peanut cultivar JL‐24 or in the sunflower hybrids KBSH‐41, ‐42, ‐44, and ‐50, MSFH‐17 and ZSH‐976. Strategies adopted to reduce the incidence of TSV are discussed.
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