Abstract. The assessment of soil and vadose zone as the drains for carbon sink and proper modeling of the effects and extremes of biogeochemical cycles in the terrestrial biosphere are the key components to understanding the carbon cycle, global climate system, and aquatic and terrestrial system uncertainties. Calcium carbonate equilibrium causes saturation of solution with CaCO 3 , and it determines its material composition, migration and accumulation of salts. In a solution electrically neutral ion pairs are formed: CaCO 0 3 , CaSO 0 4 , MgCO 0 3 , and MgSO 0 4 , as well as charged ion pairs CaHCO, CaOH + , and MgOH + . The calcium carbonate equilibrium algorithm, mathematical model and original software to calculate the real equilibrium forms of ions and to determine the nature of calcium carbonate balance in a solution were developed. This approach conducts the quantitative assessment of real ion forms of solution in solonetz soil and vadose zone of dry steppe taking into account the ion association at high ionic strength of saline soil solution. The concentrations of free and associated ion form were calculated according to analytical ion concentration in real solution. In the iteration procedure, the equations were used to find the following: ion material balance, a linear interpolation of equilibrium constants, a method of ionic pairs, the laws of initial concentration preservation, operating masses of equilibrium system, and the concentration constants of ion pair dissociation. The coefficient of ion association γ e was determined as the ratio of ions free form to analytical content of ion γ e = C ass /C an . Depending on soil and vadose zone layer, concentration and composition of solution in the ionic pair's form are 11-52 % Ca 2+ ; 22.2-54.6 % Mg 2+ ;1.1-10.5 % Na + ; 3.7-23.8 HCO 3 . The carbonate system of soil and vadose zone water solution helps to explain the evolution of salted soils, vadose and saturation zones, and landscape. It also helps to improve the soil maintenance, plant nutrition and irrigation.The association of ions in soil solutions is one of the drivers promoting transformation of solution, excessive fluxes of carbon in the soil, and loss of carbon from soil through vadose zone.

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ABSTRACT, NaCO 3 -, NaSO 4 -, CaOH + , MgOH + . Calculation method is proposed for quantitative assessment of real ion forms in the soil solution of chestnut solonetz soil complex. Were proposed equations to calculate free and associated forms of ions. To solve the equations were used an iteration, a linear interpolation of equilibrium constants, a Method of Ionic Pairs including a law of initial concentration preservation, a law of the operating masses of equilibrium system, the concentration constants of ion pair dissociation on the law of operating masses. Was determined the quantity of ion free form and a coefficient of ion association as ratio of ions free form to analytical content γ e = C ass /C an . The association of ions varies in individual soils and soil layer. Increasing soil solution salinity amplifies the ions association. In form of ionic pairs in soil solution are: 11.8-53.8% of Ca 2+ ; 9.4-57.3% of Mg 2+ ; 0.7-11.9% of Na + ; 2.2-22.3% of HCO 3 -, 11.8-62.7% of SO 4 2-. The ion CO 3 2-is high associated, the share of ions in associated form is up to 92.7%. The degree of soil solution saturation was obtained for three level of approximation accounting on analytical concentration, calculated association coefficient, calculated coefficient of association. Relating to thermodynamic solubility product S 0 , the mathematical product of analytical ionic pairs indicated super saturation of soil solutions up to K 1 = 100, taking into account calculated coefficient of association ion activity super saturation of soil solutions is absent, K 3 ≈1. Only for solonetz chestnut meadow K 3 ≈2-5. The soil solution saturation degree in soil profile and laterally in landscape varies. The quantitative assessment of real ion forms in the soil solution allows explain evolution of landscape of salted soils, structure of soil cover. Calculations fulfilled show that a possibility of soil degradation scenario taking into account the laws of association of ions in soil solution is much more probable and dangerous than it was assessed before. New understanding of water-salt transfer, geochemical barriers and ecological functions of soil will help to improve rainfed and irrigational agriculture.

The web, cell phones, and related innovations that encourage the accumulation, stockpiling, examination and sharing of information and data are changing numerous parts of life among an enormous what’s more, developing a portion of the total populace. Advanced advances with automation make data progressively accessible at all levels and purposes of the monetary procedure. This decreases exchange costs, encourages increasingly unpredictable hierarchical structures, grows to advertise openings and makes area progressively insignificant. These computerized advancements have been spreading quickly. By estimating economy-wide benefits, automation of different things for better benefits and outcomes is getting necessary day by day. Conventional theories are being updated through technology to save time and money both in an effective way. This research examines the development and impact of digital technology on various sectors of the digital economy. In particular, the study analysed the impact of digitalization of agriculture on the digital economy.

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The long-term field experiment on the Kastanozem showed that the standard moldboard plowing to a depth of 22 cm (control), chiseling to a depth of 35 cm, and three-tier plowing (machine type PTN–40) to a depth of 45 cm was incapable of providing a stable soil structure and aggregate system. The transcendental Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology for intra-soil milling of the 20–45 cm layer and the intra-soil milling PMS–70 machine were developed. The PMS–70 soil processing provided the content of 1–3 mm sized aggregate particle fraction in the illuvial horizon of about 50 to 60%, which was 3-fold higher compared to standard plowing systems. Soil bulk density reduced in the layer 20–40 cm to 1.35 t m−3 compared to 1.51 t m−3 in the control option. In the control, the rhizosphere developed only in the soil upper layer. There were 1.3 roots per cm−2 in 0–20 cm, and 0.2 roots per cm−2 in 20–40 cm. The rhizosphere spreads only through the soil crevices after chilling. After three-tier plowing (PTN–40), the rhizosphere developed better in the local comfort zones of the soil profile between soil blocks impermeable for roots. After intra-soil milling PMS–70, the rhizosphere developed uniformly in the whole soil profile: 2.2 roots per cm−2 in 0–20 cm; 1.7 roots per cm−2 in 20–40 cm. Matric water potential was higher, soil salinization was lower, and the pH was close to neutral. Soil organic matter (SOM) content increased to 3.3% in 0–20 cm and 2.1% in 20–40 cm compared to the control (2.0% in the 0–20 cm soil layer and 1.3% in the 20–40 cm layer). The spring barley yield was 53% higher compared to the control. The technology life cycle profitability was moldboard 21.5%, chiseling 6.9%, three-tier 15.6%, and intra-soil milling 45.6%. The new design of the intra-soil milling machine provides five times less traction resistance and 80% increased reliability, halving energy costs.