Intra-Soil Milling for Stable Evolution and High Productivity of Kastanozem Soil

Abstract

The long-term field experiment on the Kastanozem showed that the standard moldboard plowing to a depth of 22 cm (control), chiseling to a depth of 35 cm, and three-tier plowing (machine type PTN–40) to a depth of 45 cm was incapable of providing a stable soil structure and aggregate system. The transcendental Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology for intra-soil milling of the 20–45 cm layer and the intra-soil milling PMS–70 machine were developed. The PMS–70 soil processing provided the content of 1–3 mm sized aggregate particle fraction in the illuvial horizon of about 50 to 60%, which was 3-fold higher compared to standard plowing systems. Soil bulk density reduced in the layer 20–40 cm to 1.35 t m−3 compared to 1.51 t m−3 in the control option. In the control, the rhizosphere developed only in the soil upper layer. There were 1.3 roots per cm−2 in 0–20 cm, and 0.2 roots per cm−2 in 20–40 cm. The rhizosphere spreads only through the soil crevices after chilling. After three-tier plowing (PTN–40), the rhizosphere developed better in the local comfort zones of the soil profile between soil blocks impermeable for roots. After intra-soil milling PMS–70, the rhizosphere developed uniformly in the whole soil profile: 2.2 roots per cm−2 in 0–20 cm; 1.7 roots per cm−2 in 20–40 cm. Matric water potential was higher, soil salinization was lower, and the pH was close to neutral. Soil organic matter (SOM) content increased to 3.3% in 0–20 cm and 2.1% in 20–40 cm compared to the control (2.0% in the 0–20 cm soil layer and 1.3% in the 20–40 cm layer). The spring barley yield was 53% higher compared to the control. The technology life cycle profitability was moldboard 21.5%, chiseling 6.9%, three-tier 15.6%, and intra-soil milling 45.6%. The new design of the intra-soil milling machine provides five times less traction resistance and 80% increased reliability, halving energy costs.

New approach to soil fertility management: Biogeosystem Technique methodology (critical review)

“…One more obstruction is a lack of a qualified heuristic intuition in a nonstandard institutional innovation assessment, when a preselected expert community, focused on current short-term corporate interests, prefers an old technological approach failing to properly understand a new technology prospect. On the contrary, the BGT* is an incarnation of a qualified heuristic intuition ensuring a long-term biosphere technological sustainability and economic efficiency of world development (Kalinitchenko et al, 2021).…”

“…After a single intra-soil milling priming action in Kastanozem, a direct priming effect was high. An annual yield increment was up to 53% in the next year after intra-soil milling and beyond compared to standard agronomic technology (Kalinichenko et al, 2014;Kalinitchenko et al, 2021). An intra-soil milling secondary priming effect is a long-term ameliorative result.…”

“…The soil as a bio-inert system functioning depends on an interaction of biotic and abiotic factors such as tillage, irrigation and others. Focusing on a soil priming action and soil priming effect enhancement, we developed a Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology as a system of the nonstandard technical means and technologies for long-term optimization of the soil geophysical, chemical, water, biological properties and productivity (Kalinitchenko et al, 2021). The illuvial soil horizon intra-soil milling priming action provides a well-developed fine soil aggregate system, and a roots and rhizosphere improved development direct priming effect.…”

“…The illuvial soil horizon intra-soil milling priming action provides a well-developed fine soil aggregate system, and a roots and rhizosphere improved development direct priming effect. The long-term secondary target stimuli are the upper and illuvial soil horizons' improved geophysical properties, higher level organic matter turnover and higher soil biological productivity, representing a secondary priming effect (Kalinitchenko et al, 2021). The intra-soil pulse sequential-discrete watering priming action is focused on a plant's better development and a soil structure and architecture stability direct priming effect.…”

“…To achieve the goal of soil and environmental improvement goal, the BGT* applies natural phenomena focusing on nature-friendly nonstandard technical means and technologies for a long-term optimization of the soil geophysical, chemical, water, biological properties and productivity (Kalinitchenko et al, 2021).…”