Statistical shape analysis, a relatively a new method for biological research, compares body forms by using specific landmarks determined by anatomical prominences. In this study, we aimed to identify normal facial asymmetry between the right and the left sides of the face. Facial landmark data were collected from two-dimensional digital images of 321 young healthy subjects (150 males and 171 females). These data were analysed using Euclidean distance matrix analysis. The number of significantly asymmetric linear distances between the two halves of the face was greater in females than in males. We found that the left side of the face was most commonly dominant in both males and females. Such data may be useful in establishing a database for future similar studies.

AMAÇBu çalışmada, zon-II fleksör tendon onarımlarından sonra, iki haftalık süre içerisinde enjekte edilen 3 doz hyaluronik asit (HA) enjeksiyonunun plaseboya (salin) karşı etkinliği araştırıldı. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEMÇalışmaya İkinci parmak izole zon-II fleksör tendon hasarlanması olan 22 hasta dahil edildi. Tenorafi öncesi, parmaklar randomize olarak iki gruba ayrıldı; 11 parmakta tenorafi çevresine 3 doz HA enjekte edilirken, aynı şekilde salin enjekte edilen 11 parmak da plasebo grubunu oluşturdu. Birinci doz tenorafi sırasında verildi ve ilave 2 doz 1 hafta ara ile enjekte edildi. Operasyon sonrası Kleinert rehabilitasyon protokolü uygulandı. Eklem hareket açıklığı, 3. hafta, 3. ay ve uzun dönemde total aktif ve pasif eklem açıklığı ölçüle-rek değerlendirildi. Fonksiyonel sonuç, Strickland sınıflan-dırmasına göre belirlendi. BULGULARÜçüncü haftada eklem hareket açıklığı açısından iki grup arasında bir fark tespit edilmedi. Ancak, 3. ay ve uzun dö-nemde, eklem hareket açıklığında, HA enjekte edilen parmaklarda plasebo grubuna göre anlamlı derecede iyileşme olduğu gözlendi. SONUÇBu plasebo kontrollü ön çalışmada, mükerrer HA enjeksiyonlarının, primer tendon onarımında, muhtemelen adezyon azaltıcı etkisine bağlı olarak, klinik sonuçları iyileşti-rebildiği ileri sürülmektedir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Adezyon önleme; hyaluronik asit; tendon adezyonları; tendon onarımı.

Being aware of the morphologic differences in the nasal anatomy between men and women during the cosmetic rhinoplasty is essential because feminization of a male nose is not a very rare complication. Although there is no difference in the techniques of male and female rhinoplasty, the anthropometric differences have to be considered. This morphometric study evaluated the nasal shapes in both sexes and the related differences in the nostril forms. The nostril forms were separated into 4 main groups such as teardrop, heart shaped, round, and triangular. In this landmark-based morphometric study, significant relations of nostril forms to the nasal shape, frontonasal, and nasolabial angles were found. The results of this study should make us think about these relations of nostril forms to the nasal shapes and should be a basement for further clinical studies enhancing the plans of the corrective surgery.

The greater interlandmark distances in females (P <

There are several anthropometric studies regarding the nose, however none of them involves data about a statistical shape analysis. In this study, a landmark-based geometric morphometric technique was used to analyze the nasal shapes in a young Turkish adult population.A population of 75 female and 75 male volunteer Turkish young adults whose ages ranged 18-39 years (24.82 +/- 5.64 year) was examined. The stratified sampling method was used to determine the subjects according to the seven main geographic regions of Turkey. All data was obtained from standardized digital photographic images taken from anterior, lateral and inferior aspects by using standard anthropometric measurement methods. Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) is used to calculate all possible linear distances among landmarks by creating matrixes for each subject.Today, the anthropometric methods and surgical practice intersected at a point to treat the congenital or post-traumatic facial disfigurements in various racial or ethnic groups. Rhinoplasty surgeons require access to facial databases based on accurate anthropometric measurements to perform optimum correction in both sexes. There should be some points brought to mind during the cosmetic nasal surgery for men because of different expectations, which is not technically different from the one for women. This study is a way to clarify these important points and a basis for further clinical studies enhancing the plans of the corrective surgery.

No abstract

A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The aim of this study was to identify the shape variability of the external ear. Variability in the shape of the ear was investigated based on the type of ear, gender and facial side in terms of the shape of the helix and antihelix and the concha. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : A landmark-based geometric morphometric technique was used to analyze the external shape of the ear. The study included 330 (177 females and 153 males) voluntary young adults aged between 18 and 24 years. All data were obtained from standardized digital photographic images taken from the right and left sides of the face. The data from the landmark coordinates were analyzed using statistical shape analysis. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : Earlobes were classified according to the angle between the earlobe and the cheek. In accordance with this classification in our study, ear type was classified as type I (tapering-acute angle), type II (square-right angle) and type III (pendulous-obtuse angle) according to the appearance of the lobule. There were significant differences between the gender groups for right and left side separately regarding the shapes of the helix and the shape of the antihelix and the concha in type I ears. There were significant differences between type I and type II ears for right and left side separately regarding the shapes of the helix and the shape of the antihelix and the concha in females. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : The present study serves as a guide to future clinical studies by demonstrating localized variations in the components of the ear that constitute the overall shape of the ear. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Ear; shape; morphometry; statistical shape analysis; geometric morphometrics Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu çalışmanın amacı, dış kulağa ait şekil değişkenliğini tanımlamaktır. Kulağın şek-lindeki değişkenlik kulak tipi, cinsiyet ve tarafa göre heliks ile antiheliks ve konkanın şekilleri açısından incelenmiştir. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çalışmada, dış kulağın şeklini analiz etmek için nirengi noktası tabanlı geometrik morfometrik bir yöntem kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya yaşları 18-24 arasında değişen 330 (177 kadın, 153 erkek) gönüllü genç erişkin dâhil edilmiştir. Tüm veriler yüzün sağ ve sol tarafından çekilen standartlaştırılmış dijital fotografik görüntülerden elde edilmiştir. Mirengi noktası koordinatlarından elde edilen veriler istatistiksel şekil analizi kullanıla-rak analiz edilmiştir. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Kulak lobu, kulak lobu ile çene arasındaki açı dikkate alınarak sınıflanmıştır. Buna göre çalışmamızda kulak tipi, tip I (sivri-dar açılı), tip II (kare-dik açılı) ve tip III (pendülöz-geniş açılı) olarak sınıflanmıştır. Tip I kulak içinde yapılan karşılaştırmalarda, erkekler ve kadınlar arasında hem sağ kulağın, hem de sol kulağın heliks ile antiheliks ve konka şekillerine göre anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Kadınlarda, tip I ve tip II kulak tipleri arasında hem sağ kulağın,...

1: the junction of nasolabial crease and nasal blade (ala nasi) 2: prn, Pronasale, the most prominent point on the nasal tip 3: sn, Subnasale, the midpoint of the columella base 4: al, Alare, the point where the nasal blade (ala nasi) extends farthest out * 5: the most prominent point of medial cruris of alar cartilage * 6: the most prominent point of lateral cruris of alar cartilage 7: c', Columella apex, the most anterior, or the highest point on the columella crest at the apex of the nostril * 8: The ending point of the nasolabial fold * 9: The estimated junction of nasal and maxillary bones * 10: The most prominent point of nasal dorsum (nasal hump) * 11: The estimated insertion point of medial cantus 12: n, Nasion, the point in the midline of both the anatomic nose and the nasoanterioral suture Key Point:Photogrammetry is an easier and more effective method for anthropometric analysis of the nose.