Statistical Shape Analysis of Nose in Turkish Young Adults

Abstract

There are several anthropometric studies regarding the nose, however none of them involves data about a statistical shape analysis. In this study, a landmark-based geometric morphometric technique was used to analyze the nasal shapes in a young Turkish adult population.A population of 75 female and 75 male volunteer Turkish young adults whose ages ranged 18-39 years (24.82 +/- 5.64 year) was examined. The stratified sampling method was used to determine the subjects according to the seven main geographic regions of Turkey. All data was obtained from standardized digital photographic images taken from anterior, lateral and inferior aspects by using standard anthropometric measurement methods. Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) is used to calculate all possible linear distances among landmarks by creating matrixes for each subject.Today, the anthropometric methods and surgical practice intersected at a point to treat the congenital or post-traumatic facial disfigurements in various racial or ethnic groups. Rhinoplasty surgeons require access to facial databases based on accurate anthropometric measurements to perform optimum correction in both sexes. There should be some points brought to mind during the cosmetic nasal surgery for men because of different expectations, which is not technically different from the one for women. This study is a way to clarify these important points and a basis for further clinical studies enhancing the plans of the corrective surgery.

Digital anthropometric shape analysis of 110 rhinoplasty patients in the Black Sea Region in Turkey

“…The strengths and limitations of photogrammetry must be considered. However, it is ideally suited to the evaluation of proportions, as the magnification factor is eliminated (Ercan et al, 2007). Photogrammetry is also proper for angular measurements, as these are not affected by magnification.…”

“…In our study, the TPSDIG 2.00 software was used in determining the landmarks by magnification, calibrating the measures according to the rules in the picture taken. Digital anthropometric shape analysis is based on non-quantitative framework and thought to be a better way to examine the differences of nose according to conventional anthropometric methods (Ercan et al, 2007).…”

“…There are various studies in the literature regarding anatomy and dimensions of the nose. A great body of work in craniofacial anthropometry is that of Farkas et al (2005), who established a database of anthropometric norms by measuring and comparing more than 100 dimensions (Ercan et al, 2007). Because it is at the center of the face, the shape of the nose is a defining point for the face indicating the character of the person.…”

Nasal Changes after Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Koreans

“…2,3,23,24 The frontal morphology of the nose is important for balanced facial esthetics, and its shape is a signature indicating ethnicity, race, age, and gender. 7,9,13 Previous studies have used different methodologies to quantify nasal morphology, such as cephalometrics, 1,5 standardized full-facial photographs, 3,8 stereophotogrammetry, 26 fabrication of nasolabial casts, 6 and three-dimensional imaging. 4,16 Recently, three-dimensional digital imaging has been used to make a reliable quantitative assessment of the nasal changes in both the area and volume; however, the high cost needed for this process can be a disadvantage.…”

“…4 This study assessed the changes in nasal morphology using direct anthropometric measurement. [7][8][9]13 Because soft-tissue morphology can vary according to the measurement position and direction, the standardized head position was set at the supine position. The supine position is best for measurements beneath the nasal tip, particularly the base of the nose, with high reproducibility.…”